Abstract
In the marginal zone of the Negev, a primary objective was the exercise of authority to uphold and regulate the economy. This region witnessed intense trade activity, initially dominated by the Incense Route under the Nabataeans and later assimilated and adjusted by the Romans. The Roman presence expanded by strategically positioning their armies, preserving the original Nabataean 'guardian nodes' along the trade routes. Notably, Birsama (Horbat Be’er Shema’) in the northern Negev evolved into a significant Late Roman military site. A substantial quadriburgium fort was established there, transforming it into a flourishing Late Romaan and Byzantine community. Our exploration of this site furnishes valuable insights into the development of the Roman military and its integration into the broader Negev network during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. The Birsama Exploration Project’s survey and excavation efforts aim to elucidate how the Roman army employed the site as a pivotal economic and administrative hub, in close proximity to the port at Gaza. Evidence from the vicus extramural community shows a focus on industrial activities, specifically pottery production and wine processing. Within the immediate vicinity of the fort new evidence suggests urban villas or mansiones. Eventually, Birsama served as the headquarters of a regional dux, offering a unique opportunity to compare the development and function of a provincial administrator with those in other provinces. This paper will draw on evidence from excavation and historical sources to show the intricacies between the development of the Roman army at Birsama and the complex trade networks of the Negev and beyond.