Abstract
The mitochondrial proteome is comprised of approximately 1,100 proteins,1 all but 12 of which are encoded by the nuclear genome in C. elegans. The expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins varies widely across cell lineages and metabolic states,2,3,4 but the factors that specify these programs are not known. Here, we identify mutations in two nuclear-localized mRNA processing proteins, CMTR1/CMTR-1 and SRRT/ARS2/SRRT-1, which we show act via the same mechanism to rescue the mitochondrial complex I mutant NDUFS2/gas-1(fc21). CMTR-1 is an FtsJ-family RNA methyltransferase that, in mammals, 2′-O-methylates the first nucleotide 3′ to the mRNA CAP to promote RNA stability and translation5,6,7,8. The mutations isolated in cmtr-1 are dominant and lie exclusively in the regulatory G-patch domain. SRRT-1 is an RNA binding partner of the nuclear cap-binding complex and determines mRNA transcript fate.9 We show that cmtr-1 and srrt-1 mutations activate embryonic expression of NDUFS2/nduf-2.2, a paralog of NDUFS2/gas-1 normally expressed only in dopaminergic neurons, and that nduf-2.2 is necessary for the complex I rescue by the cmtr-1 G-patch mutant. Additionally, we find that loss of the cmtr-1 G-patch domain cause ectopic localization of CMTR-1 protein to processing bodies (P bodies), phase-separated organelles involved in mRNA storage and decay.10 P-body localization of the G-patch mutant CMTR-1 contributes to the rescue of the hyperoxia sensitivity of the NDUFS2/gas-1 mutant. This study suggests that mRNA methylation at P bodies may control nduf-2.2 gene expression, with broader implications for how the mitochondrial proteome is translationally remodeled in the face of tissue-specific metabolic requirements and stress.
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•cmtr-1 G-patch mutations activate broad expression of a neuronal complex I subunit•NDUFS2/nduf-2.2 is normally restricted to the dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans•G-patch loss causes ectopic localization of CMTR-1 protein to processing bodies•Mutations in the mRNA binding protein Serrate phenocopy CMTR-1 G-patch mutations
Meisel et al. reveal that a C. elegans mitochondrial complex I mutant is rescued by mutations in the G-patch domain of the mRNA methyltransferase CMTR-1, which cause ectopic localization of the CMTR-1 protein to processing bodies and widespread expression of the NDUFS2 paralog nduf-2.2 that is normally restricted to dopaminergic neurons.