First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring

Kazunori Akiyama; Juan Carlos Algaba; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Richard Anantua; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Anne-Kathrin Baczko; David Ball; Mislav Balokovic; John Barrett; Bradford A. Benson; Dan Bintley; Lindy Blackburn; Raymond Blundell; Wilfred Boland; Katherine L. Bouman; Geoffrey C. Bower; Hope Boyce; Michael Bremer; Christiaan D. Brinkerink; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Avery E. Broderick; Dominique Broguiere; Thomas Bronzwaer; Do-Young Byun; John E. Carlstrom; Andrew Chael; Chi-kwan Chan; Shami Chatterjee; Koushik Chatterjee; Ming-Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Paul M. Chesler; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; John E. Conway; James M. Cordes; Thomas M. Crawford; Geoffrey B. Crew; Alejandro Cruz-Osorio; Yuzhu Cui; Jordy Davelaar; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Jessica Dempsey; Gregory Desvignes; Jason Dexter; Sheperd S. Doeleman; Ralph P. Eatough; Heino Falcke; Joseph Farah; Vincent L. Fish; Ed Fomalont; H. Alyson Ford; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; William T. Freeman; Per Friberg; Christian M. Fromm; Antonio Fuentes; Peter Galison; Charles F. Gammie; Roberto Garcia; Olivier Gentaz; Boris Georgiev; Ciriaco Goddi; Roman Gold; Jose L. Gomez; Arturo Gomez-Ruiz; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Kazuhiro Hada; Daryl Haggard; Michael H. Hecht; Ronald Hesper; Luis C. Ho; Paul Ho; Mareki Honma; Chih-Wei L. Huang; Lei Huang; David H. Hughes; Shiro Ikeda; Makoto Inoue; Sara Issaoun; David J. James; Buell T. Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales; Michael D. Johnson; Svetlana Jorstad; Taehyun Jung; Mansour Karami; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Tomohisa Kawashima; Garrett K. Keating; Mark Kettenis; Dong-Jin Kim; Jae-Young Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Junhan Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Yutaro Kofuji; Patrick M. Koch; Shoko Koyama; Michael Kramer; Carsten Kramer; Thomas P. Krichbaum; Cheng-Yu Kuo; Tod R. Lauer; Sang-Sung Lee; Aviad Levis; Yan-Rong Li; Zhiyuan Li; Michael Lindqvist; Rocco Lico; Greg Lindahl; Jun Liu; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen-Ping Lo; Andrei P. Lobanov; Laurent Loinard; Colin Lonsdale; Ru-Sen Lu; Nicholas R. MacDonald; Jirong Mao; Nicola Marchili; Sera Markoff; Daniel P. Marrone; Alan P. Marscher; Ivan Marti-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D. Matthews; Lia Medeiros; Karl M. Menten; Izumi Mizuno; Yosuke Mizuno; James M. Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Monika Moscibrodzka; Cornelia Muller; Gibwa Musoke; Alejandro Mus Mejias; Daniel Michalik; Andrew Nadolski; Hiroshi Nagai; Neil M. Nagar; Masanori Nakamura; Ramesh Narayan; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Antonios Nathanail; Joey Neilsen; Roberto Neri; Chunchong Ni; Aristeidis Noutsos; Michael A. Nowak; Hiroki Okino; Hector Olivares; Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon; Tomoaki Oyama; Feryal Ozel; Daniel C. M. Palumbo; Jongho Park; Nimesh Patel; Ue-Li Pen; Dominic W. Pesce; Vincent Pietu; Richard Plambeck; Aleksandar PopStefanija; Oliver Porth; Felix M. Poetzl; Ben Prather; Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez; Dimitrios Psaltis; Hung-Yi Pu; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G. Rawlings; Alexander W. Raymond; Luciano Rezzolla; Angelo Ricarte; Bart Ripperda; Freek Roelofs; Alan Rogers; Eduardo Ros; Mel Rose; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L. Roy; Chet Ruszczyk; Kazi L. J. Rygl; Salvador Sanchez; David Sanchez-Arguelles; Mahito Sasada; Tuomas Savolainen; F. Peter Schloerb; Karl-Friedrich Schuster; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Des Small; Bong Won Sohn; Jason SooHoo; He Sun; Fumie Tazaki; Alexandra J. Tetarenko; Paul Tiede; Remo P. J. Tilanus; Michael Titus; Kenji Toma; Pablo Torne; Tyler Trent; Efthalia Traianou; Sascha Trippe; Ilse van Bemmel; Huib Jan van Langevelde; Daniel R. van Rossum; Jan Wagner; Derek Ward-Thompson; John Wardle; Jonathan Weintroub; Norbert Wex; Robert Wharton; Maciek Wielgus; George N. Wong; Qingwen Wu; Doosoo Yoon; Andre Young; Ken Young; Ziri Younsi; Feng Yuan; Ye-Fei Yuan; J. Anton Zensus; Guang-Yao Zhao; Shan-Shan Zhao; Event Horizon Telescope Collaborat

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abe71d

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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring

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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring

Kazunori Akiyama, Juan Carlos Algaba, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Mislav Balokovic, …

Astrophysical journal. Letters, Vol.910(1)

2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abe71d

Abstract

Black holes

Astrophysics

In 2017 April, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed the near-horizon region around the supermassive black hole at the core of the M87 galaxy. These 1.3 mm wavelength observations revealed a compact asymmetric ring-like source morphology. This structure originates from synchrotron emission produced by relativistic plasma located in the immediate vicinity of the black hole. Here we present the corresponding linear-polarimetric EHT images of the center of M87. We find that only a part of the ring is significantly polarized. The resolved fractional linear polarization has a maximum located in the southwest part of the ring, where it rises to the level of similar to 15%. The polarization position angles are arranged in a nearly azimuthal pattern. We perform quantitative measurements of relevant polarimetric properties of the compact emission and find evidence for the temporal evolution of the polarized source structure over one week of EHT observations. The details of the polarimetric data reduction and calibration methodology are provided. We carry out the data analysis using multiple independent imaging and modeling techniques, each of which is validated against a suite of synthetic data sets. The gross polarimetric structure and its apparent evolution with time are insensitive to the method used to reconstruct the image. These polarimetric images carry information about the structure of the magnetic fields responsible for the synchrotron emission. Their physical interpretation is discussed in an accompanying publication.

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Title: First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring
Creators: Kazunori Akiyama - Harvard University
Juan Carlos Algaba - Academia Sinica
Antxon Alberdi - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Walter Alef - Max Planck Society
Richard Anantua - The University of Texas at San Antonio
Keiichi Asada - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay - Universitat de València
Anne-Kathrin Baczko - Max Planck Society
David Ball - University of Arizona
Mislav Balokovic - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
John Barrett - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bradford A. Benson - University of Chicago
Dan Bintley - East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn - Harvard University
Raymond Blundell - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Wilfred Boland - Box
Katherine L. Bouman - California Institute of Technology
Geoffrey C. Bower - Academia Sinica
Hope Boyce - McGill University
Michael Bremer - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Christiaan D. Brinkerink - Radboud University Nijmegen
Roger Brissenden - Harvard University
Silke Britzen - Max Planck Society
Avery E. Broderick - University of Waterloo
Dominique Broguiere - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Thomas Bronzwaer - Radboud University Nijmegen
Do-Young Byun - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
John E. Carlstrom - University of Chicago
Andrew Chael - Princeton University
Chi-kwan Chan - Max Planck Society
Shami Chatterjee - Cornell University
Koushik Chatterjee - Florence
Ming-Tang Chen - Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Paul M. Chesler - Harvard University
Ilje Cho - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Pierre Christian - Fairfield University
John E. Conway - Chalmers University of Technology
James M. Cordes - Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford - University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio - Max
Yuzhu Cui - National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Jordy Davelaar - Columbia University
Mariafelicia De Laurentis - Goethe University Frankfurt
Roger Deane - University of Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey - East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes - Max Planck Society
Jason Dexter - Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
Sheperd S. Doeleman - Harvard University
Ralph P. Eatough - Max Planck Society
Heino Falcke - Radboud University Nijmegen
Joseph Farah - Harvard University
Vincent L. Fish - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ed Fomalont - National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford - University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas - Radboud University Nijmegen
William T. Freeman - MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, 32-D476,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Per Friberg - East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm - Goethe University Frankfurt
Antonio Fuentes - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Peter Galison - Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Roberto Garcia - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Olivier Gentaz - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Boris Georgiev - University of Waterloo
Ciriaco Goddi - Leiden University
Roman Gold - Goethe University Frankfurt
Jose L. Gomez - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Arturo Gomez-Ruiz - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, Mexico
Minfeng Gu - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Mark Gurwell - Harvard University
Kazuhiro Hada - Graduate University For Advanced Studies
Daryl Haggard - McGill University
Michael H. Hecht - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ronald Hesper - University of Groningen
Luis C. Ho - Peking University
Paul Ho - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Mareki Honma - Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan
Chih-Wei L. Huang - Theodore Roosevelt High School
Lei Huang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Shiro Ikeda - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Makoto Inoue - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun - Radboud University Nijmegen
David J. James - Product Innovation and Engineering (United States, Saint James) - LLC
Buell T. Jannuzi - University of Arizona
Michael Janssen - Radboud University Nijmegen
Britton Jeter - University of Waterloo
Wu Jiang - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales - Max Planck Society
Michael D. Johnson - Harvard University
Svetlana Jorstad - Boston University
Taehyun Jung - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami - University of Waterloo
Ramesh Karuppusamy - Max Planck Society
Tomohisa Kawashima - National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Garrett K. Keating - Harvard University
Mark Kettenis - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Dong-Jin Kim - Max Planck Society
Jae-Young Kim - Max Planck Society
Jongsoo Kim - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim - California Institute of Technology
Motoki Kino - Kogakuin University
Jun Yi Koay - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Yutaro Kofuji - The University of Tokyo
Patrick M. Koch - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama - Academia Sinica
Michael Kramer - Max Planck Society
Carsten Kramer - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Thomas P. Krichbaum - Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
Cheng-Yu Kuo - National Sun Yat-sen University
Tod R. Lauer - National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Sang-Sung Lee - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Aviad Levis - California Institute of Technology
Yan-Rong Li - Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, 19B Yuquan Rd, Beijing, Peoples R China
Zhiyuan Li - Nanjing University
Michael Lindqvist - Chalmers University of Technology
Rocco Lico - Max Planck Society
Greg Lindahl - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Jun Liu - Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
Kuo Liu - Max Planck Society
Elisabetta Liuzzo - Alma
Wen-Ping Lo - Academia Sinica
Andrei P. Lobanov - Max
Laurent Loinard - Max Planck Society
Colin Lonsdale - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ru-Sen Lu - Max Planck Society
Nicholas R. MacDonald - Max
Jirong Mao - Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China
Nicola Marchili - Alma
Sera Markoff - University of Amsterdam
Daniel P. Marrone - University of Arizona
Alan P. Marscher - Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal - Beltran
Satoki Matsushita - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lia Medeiros - University of Arizona
Karl M. Menten - Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
Izumi Mizuno - East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno - Goethe University Frankfurt
James M. Moran - Harvard University
Kotaro Moriyama - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Monika Moscibrodzka - Box
Cornelia Muller - Box
Gibwa Musoke - University of Amsterdam
Alejandro Mus Mejias - Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
Daniel Michalik - European Space Res & Technol Ctr ESA ESTEC, Directorate Sci, Sci Support Off, Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
Andrew Nadolski - University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Hiroshi Nagai - Graduate University For Advanced Studies
Neil M. Nagar - Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
Masanori Nakamura - Academia Sinica
Ramesh Narayan - Southern Methodist University
Gopal Narayanan - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Iniyan Natarajan - Rhodes University
Antonios Nathanail - Max
Joey Neilsen - Villanova University
Roberto Neri - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Chunchong Ni - University of Waterloo
Aristeidis Noutsos - Max
Michael A. Nowak - Washington Univ, Phys Dept, CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130 USA
Hiroki Okino - The University of Tokyo
Hector Olivares - Max
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon - Max
Tomoaki Oyama - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Ozel - University of Arizona
Daniel C. M. Palumbo - Harvard University
Jongho Park - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Nimesh Patel - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ue-Li Pen - Perimeter Institute
Dominic W. Pesce - Harvard University
Vincent Pietu - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Richard Plambeck - Max Planck Society
Aleksandar PopStefanija - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Oliver Porth - Goethe University Frankfurt
Felix M. Poetzl - Max
Ben Prather - Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez - Perimeter Institute
Dimitrios Psaltis - University of Arizona
Hung-Yi Pu - Instituto de Física Teórica
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan - Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
Ramprasad Rao - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Mark G. Rawlings - East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond - Harvard University
Luciano Rezzolla - Goethe University Frankfurt
Angelo Ricarte - Harvard University
Bart Ripperda - Princeton University
Freek Roelofs - Box
Alan Rogers - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Eduardo Ros - Max Planck Society
Mel Rose - University of Arizona
Arash Roshanineshat - University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann - Max
Alan L. Roy - Max Planck Society
Chet Ruszczyk - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kazi L. J. Rygl - Alma
Salvador Sanchez - Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
David Sanchez-Arguelles - The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
Mahito Sasada - Hiroshima University
Tuomas Savolainen - Aalto University
F. Peter Schloerb - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Karl-Friedrich Schuster - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Lijing Shao - Max Planck Society
Zhiqiang Shen - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China
Des Small - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Bong Won Sohn - Yonsei University
Jason SooHoo - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
He Sun - California Institute of Technology
Fumie Tazaki - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko - East Asian Observatory
Paul Tiede - University of Waterloo
Remo P. J. Tilanus - Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
Michael Titus - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kenji Toma - Tohoku University
Pablo Torne - Max Planck Society
Tyler Trent - University of Arizona
Efthalia Traianou - Max
Sascha Trippe - Seoul National University
Ilse van Bemmel - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Huib Jan van Langevelde - Leiden University
Daniel R. van Rossum - Box
Jan Wagner - Max Planck Society
Derek Ward-Thompson - Univ Cent Lancashire, Jeremiah Horrocks Inst, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England
John Wardle - Brandeis University, Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Jonathan Weintroub - Max Planck Society
Norbert Wex - Max
Robert Wharton - Max Planck Society
Maciek Wielgus - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
George N. Wong - Princeton University
Qingwen Wu - Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Doosoo Yoon - University of Amsterdam
Andre Young - Box
Ken Young - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ziri Younsi - UCL Australia
Feng Yuan - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Ye-Fei Yuan - Univ Sci & Technol China, Astron Dept, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
J. Anton Zensus - Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
Guang-Yao Zhao - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Shan-Shan Zhao - Nanjing University
Event Horizon Telescope Collaborat
Publication Details: Astrophysical journal. Letters, Vol.910(1)
Publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd
Number of pages: 48
Grant note: Max-PlanckGesellschaft (MPG); Max Planck Society MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds 2017YFA0402700 / National Key R&D Program of China P18-FR-1769 / Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia; Junta de Andalucia Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Compute Ontario State of Arizona GBMF-3561; GBMF-5278; GBMF 947 / Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation 18KK0090; JP18K13594; JP18K03656; JP18H03721; 18K03709; 18H01245; 25120007 / MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) 60477 / black hole Initiative at Harvard University from the John Templeton Foundation SPI 78-409 / Spinoza Prize Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Calcul Quebec Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) EACOA Fellowship of the East Asia Core Observatories Association Joint Princeton/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship ALMA North America Development Fund CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences U0004-246083; U0004-259839; F0003-272050; M0037-279006; F0003-281692; 104497; 275201; 263356 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) NAS5-26555 / NASA; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship - South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) AST1310896; AST-1337663; AST-1440254; AST-1555365; AST1615796; AST-1715061; AST-1716327; AST-1716536; OISE1743747; AST-1816420; AST-1903847; AST-1935980; AST2034306 / The National Science Foundation (NSF); National Science Foundation (NSF) PID2019-108995GB-C22 / MICINN; Spanish Government; European Commission 2014H1A2A1018695; NRF2015H1A2A1033752; 2015-R1D1A1A01056807; NRF-2015H1D3A1066561; 2019R1F1A1059721 / National Research Foundation of Korea National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan CIDEGENT/2018/021 / GenT Program 2017-00648 / Swedish Research Council; European Commission ACI-1548562; DBI-0735191; DBI-1265383; DBI1743442 / NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) 730562 RadioNet / European Union; European Commission CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 2016YFA0400704; 2016YFA0400702 / National Key Research and Development Program of China National Science Foundation; National Science Foundation (NSF) GBMF 947 / Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant TM6-17006X / Chandra PGC2018-098915-B-C21; AYA2016-80889-P; PID2019108995G-B-C21 / Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Spanish Government South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation NCN19_058 / Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile Smithsonian Institution Toray Science Foundation; Toray Industries, Inc. 80NSSC20K0527 / National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Astrophysics Theory Program) Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation IN112417; IN112820 / Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico AST-0096454; AST-0352953; AST0521233; AST-0705062; AST-0905844; AST-0922984; AST1126433; AST-1140030; DGE-1144085; AST-1207704; AST1207730; AST-1207752; MRI-1228509; OPP-1248097 / National Science Foundation (NSF); National Research Foundation of Korea Simons Foundation 2019AEP112 / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas 3190878 / Fondecyt; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CONICYT FONDECYT HST-HF251431.001-A / National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Space Telescope Science Institute 80NSSC20K0645 / National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA NuSTAR award) IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain) 610058 / European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6 / Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship 105-2112-M-001025-MY3; 106-2112-M-001-011; 106-2119-M-001-027; 1072119-M-001-017; 107-2119-M-001-020; 107-2119-M-110-005; 108-2112-M-001-048; 109-2124-M-001-005 / Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan Kavli Foundation 80NSSC20K1567; NNX17AL82G / National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Academia Sinica; Academia Sinica - Taiwan PHY-1125897 / NSF Physics Frontier Center grant; National Science Foundation (NSF) 11573051; 11633006; 11650110427; 10625314; 11721303; 11725312; 11933007; 11991052; 11991053 / Natural Science Foundation of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 639.043.513 / Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) SEV-2017-0709 / State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award; Spanish Government APOSTD/2018/177 / Generalitat Valenciana; European Commission; General Electric DD7-18089X / Chandra award Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program) Compute Canada PLR-1248097 / National Science Foundation; National Science Foundation (NSF) MPG (MaxPlanck-Gesellschaft, Germany) 2020M671266 / China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science; Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (RISTEK) 274477; 284495; 312496; 315721 / Academy of Finland JP17J08829 / Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057; QYZDJSSW-SYS008; ZDBS-LY-SLH011 / Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG 89233218CNA000001 / US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE)
Identifiers: 9924159786001921
Academic Unit: Benjamin and Mae Volen National Center for Complex Systems; Interdepartmental Program in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics; Michtom School of Computer Science
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring

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