First Sagittarius A Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole

Kazunori Akiyama; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Juan Carlos Algaba; Richard Anantua; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Uwe Bach; Anne-Kathrin Baczko; David Ball; Mislav Balokovic; John Barrett; Michi Baubock; Bradford A Benson; Dan Bintley; Lindy Blackburn; Raymond Blundell; Katherine L Bouman; Geoffrey C Bower; Hope Boyce; Michael Bremer; Christiaan D Brinkerink; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Avery E Broderick; Dominique Broguiere; Thomas Bronzwaer; Sandra Bustamante; Do-Young Byun; John E Carlstrom; Chiara Ceccobello; Andrew Chael; Chi-kwan Chan; Koushik Chatterjee; Shami Chatterjee; Ming-Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Xiaopeng Cheng; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; Nicholas S Conroy; John E Conway; James M Cordes; Thomas M Crawford; Geoffrey B Crew; Alejandro Cruz-Osorio; Yuzhu Cui; Jordy Davelaar; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Jessica Dempsey; Gregory Desvignes; Jason Dexter; Vedant Dhruv; Sheperd S Doeleman; Sean Dougal; Sergio A Dzib; Ralph P Eatough; Razieh Emami; Heino Falcke; Joseph Farah; Vincent L Fish; Ed Fomalont; H Alyson Ford; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; William T Freeman; Per Friberg; Christian M Fromm; Antonio Fuentes; Peter Galison; Charles F Gammie; Roberto Garcia; Olivier Gentaz; Boris Georgiev; Ciriaco Goddi; Roman Gold; Arturo I Gomez-Ruiz; Jose L Gomez; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Kazuhiro Hada; Daryl Haggard; Kari Haworth; Michael H Hecht; Ronald Hesper; Dirk Heumann; Luis C Ho; Paul Ho; Mareki Honma; Chih-Wei L Huang; Lei Huang; David H Hughes; Shiro Ikeda; CM Violette Impellizzeri; Makoto Inoue; Sara Issaoun; David J James; Buell T Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales; Michael D Johnson; Svetlana Jorstad; Abhishek V Joshi; Taehyun Jung; Mansour Karami; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Tomohisa Kawashima; Garrett K Keating; Mark Kettenis; Dong-Jin Kim; Jae-Young Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Junhan Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Prashant Kocherlakota; Yutaro Kofuji; Patrick M Koch; Shoko Koyama; Carsten Kramer; Michael Kramer; Thomas P Krichbaum; Cheng-Yu Kuo; Noemi La Bella; Tod R Lauer; Daeyoung Lee; Sang-Sung Lee; Po Kin Leung; Aviad Levis; Zhiyuan Li; Rocco Lico; Greg Lindahl; Michael Lindqvist; Mikhail Lisakov; Jun Liu; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen-Ping Lo; Andrei P Lobanov; Laurent Loinard; Colin J Lonsdale; Ru-Sen Lu; Jirong Mao; Nicola Marchili; Sera Markoff; Daniel P Marrone; Alan P Marscher; Ivan Marti-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D Matthews; Lia Medeiros; Karl M Menten; Daniel Michalik; Izumi Mizuno; Yosuke Mizuno; James M Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Monika Moscibrodzka; Cornelia Mueller; Alejandro Mus; Gibwa Musoke; Ioannis Myserlis; Andrew Nadolski; Hiroshi Nagai; Neil M Nagar; Masanori Nakamura; Ramesh Narayan; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Antonios Nathanail; Santiago Navarro Fuentes; Joey Neilsen; Roberto Neri; Chunchong Ni; Aristeidis Noutsos; Michael A Nowak; Junghwan Oh; Hiroki Okino; Hector Olivares; Gisela N Ortiz-Leon; Tomoaki Oyama; Feryal Ozel; Daniel CM Palumbo; Georgios Filippos Paraschos; Jongho Park; Harriet Parsons; Nimesh Patel; Ue-Li Pen; Dominic W Pesce; Vincent Pietu; Richard Plambeck; Aleksandar PopStefanija; Oliver Porth; Felix M Potzl; Ben Prather; Jorge A Preciado-Lopez; Dimitrios Psaltis; Hung-Yi Pu; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G Rawlings; Alexander W Raymond; Luciano Rezzolla; Angelo Ricarte; Bart Ripperda; Freek Roelofs; Alan Rogers; Eduardo Ros; Cristina Romero-Canizales; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L Roy; Ignacio Ruiz; Chet Ruszczyk; Kazi LJ Rygl; Salvador Sanchez; David Sanchez-Arguelles; Miguel Sanchez-Portal; Mahito Sasada; Kaushik Satapathy; Tuomas Savolainen; F Peter Schloerb; Jonathan Schonfeld; Karl-Friedrich Schuster; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Des Small; Bong Won Sohn; Jason SooHoo; Kamal Souccar; He Sun; Fumie Tazaki; Alexandra J Tetarenko; Paul Tiede; Remo PJ Tilanus; Michael Titus; Pablo Torne; Efthalia Traianou; Tyler Trent; Sascha Trippe; Matthew Turk; Ilse van Bemmel; Huib Jan van Langevelde; Daniel R van Rossum; Jesse Vos; Jan Wagner; Derek Ward-Thompson; John Wardle; Jonathan Weintroub; Norbert Wex; Robert Wharton; Maciek Wielgus; Kaj Wiik; Gunther Witzel; Michael F Wondrak; George N Wong; Qingwen Wu; Paul Yamaguchi; Doosoo Yoon; Andre Young; Ken Young; Ziri Younsi; Feng Yuan; Ye-Fei Yuan; J Anton Zensus; Shuo Zhang; Guang-Yao Zhao; Shan-Shan Zhao; Tin Lok Chan; Richard Qiu; Sean Ressler; Chris White

doi:10.17863/CAM.84970

Journal article

First Sagittarius A Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole

Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, …

05/01/2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.84970

Abstract

330

High-Energy Phenomena and Fundamental Physics

Abstract In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 μm, and in the X-ray. All models fail at least one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i ≤ 30°. They have accretion rate (5.2–9.5) × 10−9 M ⊙ yr−1, bolometric luminosity (6.8–9.2) × 1035 erg s−1, and outflow power (1.3–4.8) × 1038 erg s−1. We also find that all models with i ≥ 70° fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 μm flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.

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Title: First Sagittarius A Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole
Creators: Kazunori Akiyama
Antxon Alberdi
Walter Alef
Juan Carlos Algaba
Richard Anantua
Keiichi Asada
Rebecca Azulay
Uwe Bach
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
David Ball
Mislav Balokovic
John Barrett
Michi Baubock
Bradford A Benson
Dan Bintley
Lindy Blackburn
Raymond Blundell
Katherine L Bouman
Geoffrey C Bower
Hope Boyce
Michael Bremer
Christiaan D Brinkerink
Roger Brissenden
Silke Britzen
Avery E Broderick
Dominique Broguiere
Thomas Bronzwaer
Sandra Bustamante
Do-Young Byun
John E Carlstrom
Chiara Ceccobello
Andrew Chael
Chi-kwan Chan
Koushik Chatterjee
Shami Chatterjee
Ming-Tang Chen
Yongjun Chen
Xiaopeng Cheng
Ilje Cho
Pierre Christian
Nicholas S Conroy
John E Conway
James M Cordes
Thomas M Crawford
Geoffrey B Crew
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Yuzhu Cui
Jordy Davelaar
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Roger Deane
Jessica Dempsey
Gregory Desvignes
Jason Dexter
Vedant Dhruv
Sheperd S Doeleman
Sean Dougal
Sergio A Dzib
Ralph P Eatough
Razieh Emami
Heino Falcke
Joseph Farah
Vincent L Fish
Ed Fomalont
H Alyson Ford
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
William T Freeman
Per Friberg
Christian M Fromm
Antonio Fuentes
Peter Galison
Charles F Gammie
Roberto Garcia
Olivier Gentaz
Boris Georgiev
Ciriaco Goddi
Roman Gold
Arturo I Gomez-Ruiz
Jose L Gomez
Minfeng Gu
Mark Gurwell
Kazuhiro Hada
Daryl Haggard
Kari Haworth
Michael H Hecht
Ronald Hesper
Dirk Heumann
Luis C Ho
Paul Ho
Mareki Honma
Chih-Wei L Huang
Lei Huang
David H Hughes
Shiro Ikeda
CM Violette Impellizzeri
Makoto Inoue
Sara Issaoun
David J James
Buell T Jannuzi
Michael Janssen
Britton Jeter
Wu Jiang
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Michael D Johnson
Svetlana Jorstad
Abhishek V Joshi
Taehyun Jung
Mansour Karami
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Tomohisa Kawashima
Garrett K Keating
Mark Kettenis
Dong-Jin Kim
Jae-Young Kim
Jongsoo Kim
Junhan Kim
Motoki Kino
Jun Yi Koay
Prashant Kocherlakota
Yutaro Kofuji
Patrick M Koch
Shoko Koyama
Carsten Kramer
Michael Kramer
Thomas P Krichbaum
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Noemi La Bella
Tod R Lauer
Daeyoung Lee
Sang-Sung Lee
Po Kin Leung
Aviad Levis
Zhiyuan Li
Rocco Lico
Greg Lindahl
Michael Lindqvist
Mikhail Lisakov
Jun Liu
Kuo Liu
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Wen-Ping Lo
Andrei P Lobanov
Laurent Loinard
Colin J Lonsdale
Ru-Sen Lu
Jirong Mao
Nicola Marchili
Sera Markoff
Daniel P Marrone
Alan P Marscher
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Satoki Matsushita
Lynn D Matthews
Lia Medeiros
Karl M Menten
Daniel Michalik
Izumi Mizuno
Yosuke Mizuno
James M Moran
Kotaro Moriyama
Monika Moscibrodzka
Cornelia Mueller
Alejandro Mus
Gibwa Musoke
Ioannis Myserlis
Andrew Nadolski
Hiroshi Nagai
Neil M Nagar
Masanori Nakamura
Ramesh Narayan
Gopal Narayanan
Iniyan Natarajan
Antonios Nathanail
Santiago Navarro Fuentes
Joey Neilsen
Roberto Neri
Chunchong Ni
Aristeidis Noutsos
Michael A Nowak
Junghwan Oh
Hiroki Okino
Hector Olivares
Gisela N Ortiz-Leon
Tomoaki Oyama
Feryal Ozel
Daniel CM Palumbo
Georgios Filippos Paraschos
Jongho Park
Harriet Parsons
Nimesh Patel
Ue-Li Pen
Dominic W Pesce
Vincent Pietu
Richard Plambeck
Aleksandar PopStefanija
Oliver Porth
Felix M Potzl
Ben Prather
Jorge A Preciado-Lopez
Dimitrios Psaltis
Hung-Yi Pu
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Ramprasad Rao
Mark G Rawlings
Alexander W Raymond
Luciano Rezzolla
Angelo Ricarte
Bart Ripperda
Freek Roelofs
Alan Rogers
Eduardo Ros
Cristina Romero-Canizales
Arash Roshanineshat
Helge Rottmann
Alan L Roy
Ignacio Ruiz
Chet Ruszczyk
Kazi LJ Rygl
Salvador Sanchez
David Sanchez-Arguelles
Miguel Sanchez-Portal
Mahito Sasada
Kaushik Satapathy
Tuomas Savolainen
F Peter Schloerb
Jonathan Schonfeld
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Lijing Shao
Zhiqiang Shen
Des Small
Bong Won Sohn
Jason SooHoo
Kamal Souccar
He Sun
Fumie Tazaki
Alexandra J Tetarenko
Paul Tiede
Remo PJ Tilanus
Michael Titus
Pablo Torne
Efthalia Traianou
Tyler Trent
Sascha Trippe
Matthew Turk
Ilse van Bemmel
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Daniel R van Rossum
Jesse Vos
Jan Wagner
Derek Ward-Thompson
John Wardle
Jonathan Weintroub
Norbert Wex
Robert Wharton
Maciek Wielgus
Kaj Wiik
Gunther Witzel
Michael F Wondrak
George N Wong
Qingwen Wu
Paul Yamaguchi
Doosoo Yoon
Andre Young
Ken Young
Ziri Younsi
Feng Yuan
Ye-Fei Yuan
J Anton Zensus
Shuo Zhang
Guang-Yao Zhao
Shan-Shan Zhao
Tin Lok Chan
Richard Qiu
Sean Ressler
Chris White
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Identifiers: 9924151038601921
Academic Unit: Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

First Sagittarius A Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole

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