Horizon-scale variability of M87 from 2017--2021 EHT observations

Kazunori Akiyama; Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Juan Carlos Algaba; Richard Anantua; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Uwe Bach; Anne-Kathrin Baczko; David Ball; Mislav Baloković; Bidisha Bandyopadhyay; John Barrett; Michi Bauböck; Bradford A. Benson; Dan Bintley; Lindy Blackburn; Raymond Blundell; Katherine L. Bouman; Geoffrey C. Bower; Michael Bremer; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Avery E. Broderick; Dominique Broguiere; Thomas Bronzwaer; Sandra Bustamante; Douglas F. Carlos; John E. Carlstrom; Andrew Chael; Chi-kwan Chan; Dominic O. Chang; Erandi Chavez; Koushik Chatterjee; Shami Chatterjee; Ming-Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Xiaopeng Cheng; Paul Chichura; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; Nicholas S. Conroy; John E. Conway; Thomas M. Crawford; Geoffrey B. Crew; Alejandro Cruz-Osorio; Yuzhu Cui; Brandon Curd; Rohan Dahale; Jordy Davelaar; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Gregory Desvignes; Jason Dexter; Vedant Dhruv; Indu K. Dihingia; Sheperd S. Doeleman; Sergio A. Dzib; Ralph P. Eatough; Razieh Emami; Heino Falcke; Joseph Farah; Vincent L. Fish; Edward Fomalont; H. Alyson Ford; Marianna Foschi; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; William T. Freeman; Per Friberg; Christian M. Fromm; Antonio Fuentes; Peter Galison; Charles F. Gammie; Roberto García; Olivier Gentaz; Boris Georgiev; Ciriaco Goddi; Roman Gold; Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz; José L. Gómez; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Kazuhiro Hada; Daryl Haggard; Ronald Hesper; Dirk Heumann; Luis C. Ho; Paul Ho; Dan Hoak; Mareki Honma; Chih-Wei L. Huang; Lei Huang; David H. Hughes; Shiro Ikeda; C.M. Violette Impellizzeri; Makoto Inoue; Sara Issaoun; David J. James; Buell T. Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales; Michael D. Johnson; Svetlana Jorstad; Adam C. Jones; Abhishek V. Joshi; Taehyun Jung; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Tomohisa Kawashima; Garrett K. Keating; Mark Kettenis; Dong-Jin Kim; Jae-Young Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Junhan Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Prashant Kocherlakota; Yutaro Kofuji; Patrick M. Koch; Shoko Koyama; Carsten Kramer; Joana A. Kramer; Michael Kramer; Thomas P. Krichbaum; Cheng-Yu Kuo; Noemi La Bella; Deokhyeong Lee; Sang-Sung Lee; Aviad Levis; Zhiyuan Li; Rocco Lico; Greg Lindahl; Michael Lindqvist; Mikhail Lisakov; Jun Liu; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen-Ping Lo; Andrei P. Lobanov; Laurent Loinard; Colin J. Lonsdale; Amy E. Lowitz; Ru-Sen Lu; Nicholas R. MacDonald; Jirong Mao; Nicola Marchili; Sera Markoff; Daniel P. Marrone; Alan P. Marscher; Iván Martí-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D. Matthews; Lia Medeiros; Karl M. Menten; Izumi Mizuno; Yosuke Mizuno; Joshua Montgomery; James M. Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Monika Moscibrodzka; Wanga Mulaudzi; Cornelia Müller; Hendrik Müller; Alejandro Mus; Gibwa Musoke; Ioannis Myserlis; Hiroshi Nagai; Neil M. Nagar; Dhanya G. Nair; Masanori Nakamura; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Antonios Nathanail; Santiago Navarro Fuentes; Joey Neilsen; Chunchong Ni; Michael A. Nowak; Junghwan Oh; Hiroki Okino; Héctor Raúl Olivares Sánchez; Tomoaki Oyama; Feryal Özel; Daniel C.M. Palumbo; Georgios Filippos Paraschos; Jongho Park; Harriet Parsons; Nimesh Patel; Ue-Li Pen; Dominic W. Pesce; Vincent Piétu; Alexander Plavin; Aleksandar PopStefanija; Oliver Porth; Ben Prather; Giacomo Principe; Dimitrios Psaltis; Hung-Yi Pu; Alexandra Rahlin; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G. Rawlings; Luciano Rezzolla; Angelo Ricarte; Luca Ricci; Bart Ripperda; Jan Röder; Freek Roelofs; Cristina Romero-Cañizales; Eduardo Ros; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L. Roy; Ignacio Ruiz; Chet Ruszczyk; Kazi L.J. Rygl; León D.S. Salas; Salvador Sánchez; David Sánchez-Argüelles; Miguel Sánchez-Portal; Mahito Sasada; Kaushik Satapathy; Saurabh Saurabh; Tuomas Savolainen; F. Peter Schloerb; Jonathan Schonfeld; Karl-Friedrich Schuster; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Sasikumar Silpa; Des Small; Randall Smith; Bong Won Sohn; Jason SooHoo; Kamal Souccar; Joshua S. Stanway; He Sun; Fumie Tazaki; Alexandra J. Tetarenko; Paul Tiede; Remo P.J. Tilanus; Michael Titus; Kenji Toma; Pablo Torne; Teresa Toscano; Efthalia Traianou; Tyler Trent; Sascha Trippe; Matthew Turk; Ilse van Bemmel; Huib Jan van Langevelde; Daniel R. van Rossum; Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg; Jesse Vos; Jan Wagner; Derek Ward-Thompson; John Wardle; Jasmin E. Washington; Jonathan Weintroub; Andrew T. West; Robert Wharton; Maciek Wielgus; Kaj Wiik; Gunther Witzel; Michael F. Wondrak; George N. Wong; Jompoj Wongphexhauxsorn; Qingwen Wu; Nitika Yadlapalli; Paul Yamaguchi; Aristomenis Yfantis; Doosoo Yoon; André Young; Ziri Younsi; Wei Yu; Feng Yuan; Ye-Fei Yuan; Ai-Ling Zeng; J. Anton Zensus; Shuo Zhang; Guang-Yao Zhao; Ryan Berthold; Shu-Hao Chang; Ryan Chilson; Chih-Chiang Han; David M. Gale; Gertie Geertsema; José Luis Hernández-Rebollar; Yau-De Huang; Ryan P. Keenan; Derek Kubo; Kuan-Yu Liu; Pierre L. Martin-Cocher; Daniel Michalik; Alfredo Montaña; Andrew Nadolski; Peter Oshiro; Philippe A. Raffin; Iván Rodríguez-Montoya; Ta-Shun Wei; Matthew R. Young; Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555855

Journal article

Horizon-scale variability of M87 from 2017--2021 EHT observations

Kazunori Akiyama, Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, …

Astron.Astrophys

09/29/2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555855

Abstract

We report three epochs of polarized images of M87* at 230 GHz using data from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) taken in 2017, 2018, and 2021. The baseline coverage of the 2021 observations is significantly improved through the addition of two new EHT stations: the 12 m Kitt Peak Telescope and the Northern Extended Millimetre Array (NOEMA). All observations result in images dominated by a bright, asymmetric ring with a persistent diameter of $43.9\pm 0.6\,\muas$, consistent with expectations for lensed synchrotron emission encircling the apparent shadow of a supermassive black hole. We find that the total intensity and linear polarization of \m87 vary significantly across the three epochs. Specifically, the azimuthal brightness distribution of the total intensity images varies from year to year, as expected for a stochastic accretion flow. However, despite a gamma-ray flare erupting in M87 quasi-contemporaneously to the 2018 observations, the 2018 and 2021 images look remarkably similar. The resolved linear polarization fractions in 2018 and 2021 peak at $\sim$5%, compared to $\sim$15% in 2017. The spiral polarization pattern on the ring also varies from year to year, including a change in the electric vector position angle helicity in 2021 that could reflect changes in the magnetized accretion flow or an external Faraday screen. The improved 2021 coverage also provides the first EHT constraints on jet emission outside the ring, on scales of $\lesssim 1$ mas. Overall, these observations provide strong proof of the reliability of the EHT images and probe the dynamic properties of the horizon-scale accretion flow surrounding \m87.

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Title: Horizon-scale variability of M87 from 2017--2021 EHT observations
Creators: Kazunori Akiyama
Ezequiel Albentosa-Ruíz - Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000278166401
Antxon Alberdi - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000293711033
Walter Alef - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron
Juan Carlos Algaba - Malaya U.] (ORCID:0000000169931696
Richard Anantua
Keiichi Asada - Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay
Uwe Bach - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000277228412
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
David Ball - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ
Mislav Baloković - Yale Ctr. Astron. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000304766647
Bidisha Bandyopadhyay - Concepcion U.] (ORCID:0000000221388564
John Barrett - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000292900764
Michi Bauböck - Illinois U., Urbana] (ORCID:0000000255182812
Bradford A. Benson
Dan Bintley - Subaru (Japan)
Lindy Blackburn
Raymond Blundell - Smithsonian Institution
Katherine L. Bouman - Caltech] (ORCID:0000000300774367
Geoffrey C. Bower
Michael Bremer - IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres
Roger Brissenden - Smithsonian Institution
Silke Britzen - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000192406734
Avery E. Broderick
Dominique Broguiere - IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres] (ORCID:0000000191516683
Thomas Bronzwaer - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000311513971
Sandra Bustamante - Massachusetts U., Amherst] (ORCID:0000000161691894
Douglas F. Carlos
John E. Carlstrom
Andrew Chael - Princeton U.] (ORCID:0000000329666220
Chi-kwan Chan
Dominic O. Chang
Erandi Chavez - Smithsonian Institution
Koushik Chatterjee
Shami Chatterjee - Cornell U., Radio. Space Res. Ctr.] (ORCID:0000000228781502
Ming-Tang Chen - East Asian Observ.] (ORCID:0000000165733318
Yongjun Chen
Xiaopeng Cheng - KASI, DaeJeon] (ORCID:0000000344079868
Paul Chichura
Ilje Cho
Pierre Christian - Eureka
Nicholas S. Conroy
John E. Conway - Chalmers University of Technology
Thomas M. Crawford
Geoffrey B. Crew - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000220793189
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Yuzhu Cui - Hua-Zhong Normal U.] (ORCID:0000000163114345
Brandon Curd
Rohan Dahale - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000169829034
Jordy Davelaar
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Roger Deane
Gregory Desvignes
Jason Dexter - Colorado U.] (ORCID:0000000339030373
Vedant Dhruv - Illinois U., Urbana] (ORCID:000000016765877X
Indu K. Dihingia - Shanghai Jiao Tong U.] (ORCID:0000000240640446
Sheperd S. Doeleman
Sergio A. Dzib - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000160106200
Ralph P. Eatough
Razieh Emami - Smithsonian Institution
Heino Falcke - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000225266724
Joseph Farah
Vincent L. Fish - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000271289345
Edward Fomalont - NRAO, Charlottesville] (ORCID:0000000290362747
H. Alyson Ford - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000297970972
Marianna Foschi - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000181474993
Raquel Fraga-Encinas - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000252221361
William T. Freeman
Per Friberg - Subaru (Japan)
Christian M. Fromm
Antonio Fuentes - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000287734933
Peter Galison
Charles F. Gammie
Roberto García - IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres] (ORCID:0000000265847443
Olivier Gentaz - IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres] (ORCID:0000000201154605
Boris Georgiev - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000235866424
Ciriaco Goddi
Roman Gold
Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
José L. Gómez - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000341907613
Minfeng Gu - Shanghai, Astron. Observ.] (ORCID:0000000244556946
Mark Gurwell - Smithsonian Institution
Kazuhiro Hada
Daryl Haggard - McGill U.] (ORCID:0000000168032138
Ronald Hesper - Groningen U.] (ORCID:0000000319186098
Dirk Heumann - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000276710047
Luis C. Ho
Paul Ho
Dan Hoak - MIT, LNS
Mareki Honma
Chih-Wei L. Huang - Academia Sinica
Lei Huang - Shanghai, Astron. Observ.] (ORCID:000000021923227X
David H. Hughes - INAOE, Puebla
Shiro Ikeda
C.M. Violette Impellizzeri
Makoto Inoue - Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun
David J. James
Buell T. Jannuzi - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000215786582
Michael Janssen
Britton Jeter - Academia Sinica
Wu Jiang - Shanghai, Astron. Observ.] (ORCID:0000000173693539
Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000226623754
Michael D. Johnson
Svetlana Jorstad - Boston University
Adam C. Jones - Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr
Abhishek V. Joshi - Illinois U., Urbana] (ORCID:0000000225145965
Taehyun Jung
Ramesh Karuppusamy - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000253072919
Tomohisa Kawashima - Ichinoseki Natl. Coll. Tech.] (ORCID:0000000185270496
Garrett K. Keating - Smithsonian Institution
Mark Kettenis - ASTRON, Dwingeloo] (ORCID:0000000261565617
Dong-Jin Kim - Australia, CSIRO, Epping] (ORCID:0000000270382118
Jae-Young Kim - UNIST, Ulsan] (ORCID:0000000182297183
Jongsoo Kim - KASI, DaeJeon] (ORCID:0000000212290426
Junhan Kim - KAIST, Taejon] (ORCID:0000000242749373
Motoki Kino
Jun Yi Koay - Academia Sinica
Prashant Kocherlakota
Yutaro Kofuji
Patrick M. Koch - Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Carsten Kramer - IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres] (ORCID:0000000249084925
Joana A. Kramer - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0009000330110454
Michael Kramer - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000241752271
Thomas P. Krichbaum - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000248929586
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Noemi La Bella - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000281169427
Deokhyeong Lee - Kyungpook Natl. U.] (ORCID:0009000321229437
Sang-Sung Lee - KASI, DaeJeon] (ORCID:000000026269594X
Aviad Levis - Caltech] (ORCID:000000017307632X
Zhiyuan Li
Rocco Lico
Greg Lindahl - RadiaBeam Tech.] (ORCID:0000000261004772
Michael Lindqvist - Chalmers University of Technology
Mikhail Lisakov - Valparaiso U., Catolica] (ORCID:0000000160883819
Jun Liu - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000276157499
Kuo Liu
Elisabetta Liuzzo - Bologna Observ.] (ORCID:0000000309955201
Wen-Ping Lo
Andrei P. Lobanov - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000316221484
Laurent Loinard
Colin J. Lonsdale - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000340624654
Amy E. Lowitz - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000247474276
Ru-Sen Lu
Nicholas R. MacDonald - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000266848691
Jirong Mao
Nicola Marchili
Sera Markoff - U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA] (ORCID:0000000195640876
Daniel P. Marrone - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000223671080
Alan P. Marscher - Boston University
Iván Martí-Vidal - Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000337089611
Satoki Matsushita - Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000237288082
Lia Medeiros - Marquette U.] (ORCID:0000000323426728
Karl M. Menten - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000164590669
Izumi Mizuno - Subaru (Japan)
Yosuke Mizuno
Joshua Montgomery
James M. Moran
Kotaro Moriyama
Monika Moscibrodzka - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000246616332
Wanga Mulaudzi - U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA] (ORCID:000000034514625X
Cornelia Müller
Hendrik Müller - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000292500197
Alejandro Mus
Gibwa Musoke
Ioannis Myserlis - IRAM, Granada] (ORCID:0000000330259497
Hiroshi Nagai
Neil M. Nagar - Concepcion U.] (ORCID:000000016920662X
Dhanya G. Nair
Masanori Nakamura
Gopal Narayanan - Massachusetts U., Amherst] (ORCID:0000000247236569
Iniyan Natarajan
Antonios Nathanail
Santiago Navarro Fuentes - IRAM, Granada
Joey Neilsen - Villanova U.] (ORCID:000000028247786X
Chunchong Ni
Michael A. Nowak - Washington U., St. Louis] (ORCID:0000000169231315
Junghwan Oh - ASTRON, Dwingeloo] (ORCID:0000000249919638
Hiroki Okino
Héctor Raúl Olivares Sánchez - U. Aveiro (main)] (ORCID:0000000168337580
Tomoaki Oyama - Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan] (ORCID:0000000340462923
Feryal Özel - Georgia Tech] (ORCID:0000000344131523
Daniel C.M. Palumbo
Georgios Filippos Paraschos - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000167573098
Jongho Park
Harriet Parsons - Subaru (Japan)
Nimesh Patel - Smithsonian Institution
Ue-Li Pen
Dominic W. Pesce
Vincent Piétu - IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres
Alexander Plavin
Aleksandar PopStefanija - Massachusetts U., Amherst
Oliver Porth
Ben Prather - Illinois U., Urbana] (ORCID:0000000203937734
Giacomo Principe
Dimitrios Psaltis - Georgia Tech] (ORCID:0000000310353240
Hung-Yi Pu
Alexandra Rahlin - Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.] (ORCID:0000000339531776
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Ramprasad Rao - Smithsonian Institution
Mark G. Rawlings
Luciano Rezzolla
Angelo Ricarte
Luca Ricci - LMU Munich (main)] (ORCID:0000000241753194
Bart Ripperda
Jan Röder - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:000000022426927X
Freek Roelofs - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000154613687
Cristina Romero-Cañizales - Academia Sinica
Eduardo Ros - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000195034892
Arash Roshanineshat - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000282809238
Helge Rottmann - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron
Alan L. Roy - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000219310135
Ignacio Ruiz - IRAM, Granada] (ORCID:0000000209655463
Chet Ruszczyk - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000172789707
Kazi L.J. Rygl - Bologna Observ.] (ORCID:0000000341469043
León D.S. Salas - U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA] (ORCID:0000000319796363
Salvador Sánchez - IRAM, Granada] (ORCID:0000000280425951
David Sánchez-Argüelles
Miguel Sánchez-Portal - IRAM, Granada] (ORCID:0000000309819664
Mahito Sasada
Kaushik Satapathy - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000304333585
Saurabh Saurabh - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000171564848
Tuomas Savolainen
F. Peter Schloerb - Massachusetts U., Amherst
Jonathan Schonfeld - Smithsonian Institution
Karl-Friedrich Schuster - IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres] (ORCID:0000000328909454
Lijing Shao
Zhiqiang Shen
Sasikumar Silpa - Concepcion U.] (ORCID:0000000306677074
Des Small - ASTRON, Dwingeloo] (ORCID:0000000337235404
Randall Smith - Smithsonian Institution
Bong Won Sohn
Jason SooHoo - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000319380720
Kamal Souccar - Massachusetts U., Amherst] (ORCID:0000000179155272
Joshua S. Stanway - Central Lancashire U.] (ORCID:0009000376594642
He Sun
Fumie Tazaki - Fujitsu, Atsugi] (ORCID:0000000302360600
Alexandra J. Tetarenko - Lethbridge U.] (ORCID:0000000339064354
Paul Tiede
Remo P.J. Tilanus
Michael Titus - MIT, LNS] (ORCID:0000000190013275
Kenji Toma
Pablo Torne
Teresa Toscano - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000336587862
Efthalia Traianou
Tyler Trent - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ
Sascha Trippe
Matthew Turk - Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.] (ORCID:0000000252940198
Ilse van Bemmel - ASTRON, Dwingeloo] (ORCID:0000000154732950
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Daniel R. van Rossum - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000177726131
Sebastiano D. von Fellenberg
Jesse Vos - Leuven U.] (ORCID:0000000333497394
Jan Wagner - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000311056109
Derek Ward-Thompson - Central Lancashire U.] (ORCID:0000000311402761
John Wardle - Brandeis U.] (ORCID:0000000289602942
Jasmin E. Washington - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000270460470
Jonathan Weintroub
Andrew T. West - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000254714709
Robert Wharton - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000274165209
Maciek Wielgus - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0000000286354242
Kaj Wiik
Gunther Witzel - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:000000032618797X
Michael F. Wondrak - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000268941072
George N. Wong
Jompoj Wongphexhauxsorn
Qingwen Wu - Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech.] (ORCID:0000000347734987
Nitika Yadlapalli - Caltech] (ORCID:0000000332554617
Paul Yamaguchi - Smithsonian Institution
Aristomenis Yfantis - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000232447072
Doosoo Yoon - U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA] (ORCID:0000000186948166
André Young - Nijmegen U., IMAPP] (ORCID:0000000300002682
Ziri Younsi
Wei Yu - Smithsonian Institution
Feng Yuan - Fudan U.] (ORCID:0000000335646437
Ye-Fei Yuan - Hefei, CUST] (ORCID:0000000273304756
Ai-Ling Zeng - Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.] (ORCID:0009000094274608
J. Anton Zensus - Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.] (ORCID:0000000174703321
Shuo Zhang - Michigan State U.] (ORCID:000000022967790X
Guang-Yao Zhao
Ryan Berthold - Subaru (Japan)
Shu-Hao Chang - Academia Sinica
Ryan Chilson - East Asian Observ
Chih-Chiang Han - Academia Sinica
David M. Gale - INAOE, Puebla
Gertie Geertsema - Netherlands Meteorological Inst.] (ORCID:0000000339330069
José Luis Hernández-Rebollar - INAOE, Puebla
Yau-De Huang - Academia Sinica
Ryan P. Keenan - Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.] (ORCID:0000000318599640
Derek Kubo - East Asian Observ.] (ORCID:0000000297932933
Kuan-Yu Liu - Subaru (Japan)
Pierre L. Martin-Cocher - Academia Sinica
Daniel Michalik - Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.] (ORCID:0000000276186556
Alfredo Montaña - INAOE, Puebla
Andrew Nadolski - Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.] (ORCID:0000000194799957
Peter Oshiro - East Asian Observ
Philippe A. Raffin - East Asian Observ.] (ORCID:0000000181119051
Iván Rodríguez-Montoya
Ta-Shun Wei - Academia Sinica
Matthew R. Young
Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech
Publication Details: Astron.Astrophys
Identifiers: 9924539619301921
Academic Unit: Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

Horizon-scale variability of M87 from 2017--2021 EHT observations

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