Monitoring the Morphology of M87 in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope

Maciek Wielgus; Kazunori Akiyama; Lindy Blackburn; Chi-kwan Chan; Jason Dexter; Sheperd S Doeleman; Vincent L Fish; Sara Issaoun; Michael D Johnson; Thomas P Krichbaum; Ru-Sen Lu; Dominic W Pesce; George N Wong; Geoffrey C Bower; Avery E Broderick; Andrew Chael; Koushik Chatterjee; Charles F Gammie; Boris Georgiev; Kazuhiro Hada; Laurent Loinard; Sera Markoff; Daniel P Marrone; Richard Plambeck; Jonathan Weintroub; Matthew Dexter; David H. E MacMahon; Melvyn Wright; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Anne-Kathrin Baczko; David Ball; Mislav Balokovic; Enrico Barausse; John Barrett; Dan Bintley; Wilfred Boland; Katherine L Bouman; Michael Bremer; Christiaan D Brinkerink; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Dominique Broguiere; Thomas Bronzwaer; Do-Young Byun; John E Carlstrom; Shami Chatterjee; Ming-Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; John E Conway; James M Cordes; Geoffrey B Crew; Yuzhu Cui; Jordy Davelaar; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Jessica Dempsey; Gregory Desvignes; Sergio A Dzib; Ralph P Eatough; Heino Falcke; Ed Fomalont; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; Per Friberg; Christian M Fromm; Peter Galison; Roberto Garcia; Olivier Gentaz; Ciriaco Goddi; Roman Gold; Jose L Gomez; Arturo I Gomez-Ruiz; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Michael H Hecht; Ronald Hesper; Luis C Ho; Paul Ho; Mareki Honma; Chih-Wei L Huang; Lei Huang; David H Hughes; Makoto Inoue; David J James; Buell T Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales; Svetlana Jorstad; Taehyun Jung; Mansour Karami; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Tomohisa Kawashima; Garrett K Keating; Mark Kettenis; Jae-Young Kim; Junhan Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Patrick M Koch; Shoko Koyama; Michael Kramer; Carsten Kramer; Cheng-Yu Kuo; Tod R Lauer; Sang-Sung Lee; Yan-Rong Li; Zhiyuan Li; Michael Lindqvist; Rocco Lico; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen-Ping Lo; Andrei P Lobanov; Colin Lonsdale; Nicholas R MacDonald; Jirong Mao; Nicola Marchili; Alan P Marscher; Ivan Marti-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D Matthews; Lia Medeiros; Karl M Menten; Yosuke Mizuno; Izumi Mizuno; James M Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Monika Moscibrodzka; Cornelia Mueller; Gibwa Musoke; Hiroshi Nagai; Neil M Nagar; Masanori Nakamura; Ramesh Narayan; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Antonios Nathanail; Roberto Neri; Chunchong Ni; Aristeidis Noutsos; Hiroki Okino; Hector Olivares; Gisela N Ortiz-Leon; Tomoaki Oyama; Feryal Ozel; Daniel C. M Palumbo; Jongho Park; Nimesh Patel; Ue-Li Pen; Vincent Pietu; Aleksandar PopStefanija; Oliver Porth; Ben Prather; Jorge A Preciado-Lopez; Dimitrios Psaltis; Hung-Yi Pu; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G Rawlings; Alexander W Raymond; Luciano Rezzolla; Bart Ripperda; Freek Roelofs; Alan Rogers; Eduardo Ros; Mel Rose; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L Roy; Chet Ruszczyk; Benjamin R Ryan; Kazi L. J Rygl; Salvador Sanchez; David Sanchez-Arguelles; Mahito Sasada; Tuomas Savolainen; F. Peter Schloerb; Karl-Friedrich Schuster; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Des Small; Bong Won Sohn; Jason SooHoo; Fumie Tazaki; Paul Tiede; Remo P. J Tilanus; Michael Titus; Kenji Toma; Pablo Torne; Tyler Trent; Efthalia Traianou; Sascha Trippe; Shuichiro Tsuda; Ilse van Bemmel; Huib Jan van Langevelde; Daniel R van Rossum; Jan Wagner; John Wardle; Derek Ward-Thompson; Norbert Wex; Robert Wharton; Qingwen Wu; Doosoo Yoon; Andre Young; Ken Young; Ziri Younsi; Feng Yuan; Ye-Fei Yuan; J. Anton Zensus; Guangyao Zhao; Shan-Shan Zhao; Ziyan Zhu

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d

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Monitoring the Morphology of M87 in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope

Journal article

Peer reviewed

Monitoring the Morphology of M87 in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope

Maciek Wielgus, Kazunori Akiyama, Lindy Blackburn, Chi-kwan Chan, Jason Dexter, Sheperd S Doeleman, Vincent L Fish, Sara Issaoun, Michael D Johnson, Thomas P Krichbaum, …

The Astrophysical journal, Vol.901(1), 67

09/2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d

Abstract

Active galactic nuclei

Astronomy data modeling

Black holes

Galaxy accretion

Galaxy accretion disks

Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei

Radio interferometry

Supermassive black holes

Very long baseline interferometry

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature-a ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry-and to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of similar to 40 mu as diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin.

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Title: Monitoring the Morphology of M87 in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope
Creators: Maciek Wielgus
Kazunori Akiyama
Lindy Blackburn
Chi-kwan Chan
Jason Dexter
Sheperd S Doeleman
Vincent L Fish
Sara Issaoun
Michael D Johnson
Thomas P Krichbaum
Ru-Sen Lu
Dominic W Pesce
George N Wong
Geoffrey C Bower
Avery E Broderick
Andrew Chael
Koushik Chatterjee
Charles F Gammie
Boris Georgiev
Kazuhiro Hada
Laurent Loinard
Sera Markoff
Daniel P Marrone
Richard Plambeck
Jonathan Weintroub
Matthew Dexter
David H. E MacMahon
Melvyn Wright
Antxon Alberdi
Walter Alef
Keiichi Asada
Rebecca Azulay
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
David Ball
Mislav Balokovic
Enrico Barausse
John Barrett
Dan Bintley
Wilfred Boland
Katherine L Bouman
Michael Bremer
Christiaan D Brinkerink
Roger Brissenden
Silke Britzen
Dominique Broguiere
Thomas Bronzwaer
Do-Young Byun
John E Carlstrom
Shami Chatterjee
Ming-Tang Chen
Yongjun Chen
Ilje Cho
Pierre Christian
John E Conway
James M Cordes
Geoffrey B Crew
Yuzhu Cui
Jordy Davelaar
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Roger Deane
Jessica Dempsey
Gregory Desvignes
Sergio A Dzib
Ralph P Eatough
Heino Falcke
Ed Fomalont
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
Per Friberg
Christian M Fromm
Peter Galison
Roberto Garcia
Olivier Gentaz
Ciriaco Goddi
Roman Gold
Jose L Gomez
Arturo I Gomez-Ruiz
Minfeng Gu
Mark Gurwell
Michael H Hecht
Ronald Hesper
Luis C Ho
Paul Ho
Mareki Honma
Chih-Wei L Huang
Lei Huang
David H Hughes
Makoto Inoue
David J James
Buell T Jannuzi
Michael Janssen
Britton Jeter
Wu Jiang
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Svetlana Jorstad
Taehyun Jung
Mansour Karami
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Tomohisa Kawashima
Garrett K Keating
Mark Kettenis
Jae-Young Kim
Junhan Kim
Jongsoo Kim
Motoki Kino
Jun Yi Koay
Patrick M Koch
Shoko Koyama
Michael Kramer
Carsten Kramer
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Tod R Lauer
Sang-Sung Lee
Yan-Rong Li
Zhiyuan Li
Michael Lindqvist
Rocco Lico
Kuo Liu
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Wen-Ping Lo
Andrei P Lobanov
Colin Lonsdale
Nicholas R MacDonald
Jirong Mao
Nicola Marchili
Alan P Marscher
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Satoki Matsushita
Lynn D Matthews
Lia Medeiros
Karl M Menten
Yosuke Mizuno
Izumi Mizuno
James M Moran
Kotaro Moriyama
Monika Moscibrodzka
Cornelia Mueller
Gibwa Musoke
Hiroshi Nagai
Neil M Nagar
Masanori Nakamura
Ramesh Narayan
Gopal Narayanan
Iniyan Natarajan
Antonios Nathanail
Roberto Neri
Chunchong Ni
Aristeidis Noutsos
Hiroki Okino
Hector Olivares
Gisela N Ortiz-Leon
Tomoaki Oyama
Feryal Ozel
Daniel C. M Palumbo
Jongho Park
Nimesh Patel
Ue-Li Pen
Vincent Pietu
Aleksandar PopStefanija
Oliver Porth
Ben Prather
Jorge A Preciado-Lopez
Dimitrios Psaltis
Hung-Yi Pu
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Ramprasad Rao
Mark G Rawlings
Alexander W Raymond
Luciano Rezzolla
Bart Ripperda
Freek Roelofs
Alan Rogers
Eduardo Ros
Mel Rose
Arash Roshanineshat
Helge Rottmann
Alan L Roy
Chet Ruszczyk
Benjamin R Ryan
Kazi L. J Rygl
Salvador Sanchez
David Sanchez-Arguelles
Mahito Sasada
Tuomas Savolainen
F. Peter Schloerb
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Lijing Shao
Zhiqiang Shen
Des Small
Bong Won Sohn
Jason SooHoo
Fumie Tazaki
Paul Tiede
Remo P. J Tilanus
Michael Titus
Kenji Toma
Pablo Torne
Tyler Trent
Efthalia Traianou
Sascha Trippe
Shuichiro Tsuda
Ilse van Bemmel
Huib Jan van Langevelde
Daniel R van Rossum
Jan Wagner
John Wardle
Derek Ward-Thompson
Norbert Wex
Robert Wharton
Qingwen Wu
Doosoo Yoon
Andre Young
Ken Young
Ziri Younsi
Feng Yuan
Ye-Fei Yuan
J. Anton Zensus
Guangyao Zhao
Shan-Shan Zhao
Ziyan Zhu
Publication Details: The Astrophysical journal, Vol.901(1), 67
Identifiers: 9924086511901921
Academic Unit: Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

Monitoring the Morphology of M87 in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope

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