Abstract
Cilia and flagella are small hair-like appendages in eukaryotic cells that play essential roles in cell sensing, signaling, and motility. The highly conserved nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) is one of the key regulators for ciliary motility. At least 11 proteins (DRC1–11) have been assigned to the N-DRC, but their precise arrangement within the large N-DRC structure is not yet known. Here, using cryo-electron tomography combined with genetic approaches, we have localized DRC7, the subcomplex DRC8/DRC11, the N terminus of DRC4, and the C terminus of DRC5. Our results provide insights into N-DRC structure, its function in the regulation of dynein activity, and the mechanism by which
n-drc
mutations can lead to defects in ciliary motility that cause disease.
The nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) in motile cilia and flagella functions as a linker between neighboring doublet microtubules, acts to stabilize the axonemal core structure, and serves as a central hub for the regulation of ciliary motility. Although the N-DRC has been studied extensively using genetic, biochemical, and structural approaches, the precise arrangement of the 11 (or more) N-DRC subunits remains unknown. Here, using cryo-electron tomography, we have compared the structure of
Chlamydomonas
wild-type flagella to that of strains with specific DRC subunit deletions or rescued strains with tagged DRC subunits. Our results show that DRC7 is a central linker subunit that helps connect the N-DRC to the outer dynein arms. DRC11 is required for the assembly of DRC8, and DRC8/11 form a subcomplex in the proximal lobe of the linker domain that is required to form stable contacts to the neighboring B-tubule. Gold labeling of tagged subunits determines the precise locations of the previously ambiguous N terminus of DRC4 and C terminus of DRC5. DRC4 is now shown to contribute to the core scaffold of the N-DRC. Our results reveal the overall architecture of N-DRC, with the 3 subunits DRC1/2/4 forming a core complex that serves as the scaffold for the assembly of the “functional subunits,” namely DRC3/5–8/11. These findings shed light on N-DRC assembly and its role in regulating flagellar beating.