The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole

Ramesh Narayan; Daniel C. M. Palumbo; Michael D. Johnson; Zachary Gelles; Elizabeth Himwich; Dominic O. Chang; Angelo Ricarte; Jason Dexter; Charles F. Gammie; Andrew A. Chael; Kazunori Akiyama; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Juan Carlos Algaba; Richard Anantua; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Anne-Kathrin Baczko; David Ball; John Barrett; Bradford A. Benson; Dan Bintley; Lindy Blackburn; Raymond Blundell; Wilfred Boland; Katherine L. Bouman; Geoffrey C. Bower; Hope Boyce; Michael Bremer; Christiaan D. Brinkerink; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Avery E. Broderick; Dominique Broguiere; Thomas Bronzwaer; Do-Young Byun; John E. Carlstrom; Chi-kwan Chan; Shami Chatterjee; Koushik Chatterjee; Ming-Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Paul M. Chesler; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; John E. Conway; James M. Cordes; Thomas M. Crawford; Geoffrey B. Crew; Alejandro Cruz-Osorio; Yuzhu Cui; Jordy Davelaar; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Jessica Dempsey; Gregory Desvignes; Sheperd S. Doeleman; Ralph P. Eatough; Heino Falcke; Joseph Farah; Vincent L. Fish; Ed Fomalont; H. Alyson Ford; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; Per Friberg; Christian M. Fromm; Antonio Fuentes; Peter Galison; Roberto Garcia; Olivier Gentaz; Boris Georgiev; Ciriaco Goddi; Roman Gold; Jose L. Gomez; Arturo Gomez-Ruiz; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Kazuhiro Hada; Daryl Haggard; Michael H. Hecht; Ronald Hesper; Luis C. Ho; Paul Ho; Mareki Honma; Chih-Wei L. Huang; Lei Huang; David H. Hughes; Shiro Ikeda; Makoto Inoue; Sara Issaoun; David J. James; Buell T. Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales; Svetlana Jorstad; Taehyun Jung; Mansour Karami; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Tomohisa Kawashima; Garrett K. Keating; Mark Kettenis; Dong-Jin Kim; Jae-Young Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Junhan Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Yutaro Kofuji; Patrick M. Koch; Shoko Koyama; Michael Kramer; Carsten Kramer; Thomas P. Krichbaum; Cheng-Yu Kuo; Tod R. Lauer; Sang-Sung Lee; Aviad Levis; Yan-Rong Li; Zhiyuan Li; Michael Lindqvist; Rocco Lico; Greg Lindahl; Jun Liu; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen-Ping Lo; Andrei P. Lobanov; Laurent Loinard; Colin Lonsdale; Ru-Sen Lu; Nicholas R. MacDonald; Jirong Mao; Nicola Marchili; Sera Markoff; Daniel P. Marrone; Alan P. Marscher; Ivan Marti-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D. Matthews; Lia Medeiros; Karl M. Menten; Izumi Mizuno; Yosuke Mizuno; James M. Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Monika Moscibrodzka; Cornelia Muller; Gibwa Musoke; Alejandro Mus Mejias; Hiroshi Nagai; Neil M. Nagar; Masanori Nakamura; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Antonios Nathanail; Joey Neilsen; Roberto Neri; Chunchong Ni; Aristeidis Noutsos; Michael A. Nowak; Hiroki Okino; Hector Olivares; Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon; Tomoaki Oyama; Feryal Ozel; Jongho Park; Nimesh Patel; Ue-Li Pen; Dominic W. Pesce; Vincent Pietu; Richard Plambeck; Aleksandar PopStefanija; Oliver Porth; Felix M. Potzl; Ben Prather; Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez; Dimitrios Psaltis; Hung-Yi Pu; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G. Rawlings; Alexander W. Raymond; Luciano Rezzolla; Bart Ripperda; Freek Roelofs; Alan Rogers; Eduardo Ros; Mel Rose; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L. Roy; Chet Ruszczyk; Kazi L. J. Rygl; Salvador Sanchez; David Sanchez-Arguelles; Mahito Sasada; Tuomas Savolainen; F. Peter Schloerb; Karl-Friedrich Schuster; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Des Small; Bong Won Sohn; Jason SooHoo; He Sun; Fumie Tazaki; Alexandra J. Tetarenko; Paul Tiede; Remo P. J. Tilanus; Michael Titus; Kenji Toma; Pablo Torne; Tyler Trent; Efthalia Traianou; Sascha Trippe; Ilse van Bemmel; Huib Jan van Langevelde; Daniel R. van Rossum; Jan Wagner; Derek Ward-Thompson; John Wardle; Jonathan Weintroub; Norbert Wex; Robert Wharton; Maciek Wielgus; George N. Wong; Qingwen Wu; Doosoo Yoon; Andre Young; Ken Young; Ziri Younsi; Feng Yuan; Ye-Fei Yuan; J. Anton Zensus; Guang-Yao Zhao; Shan-Shan Zhao; Horizon Telescope Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf117

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The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole

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The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole

Ramesh Narayan, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Michael D. Johnson, Zachary Gelles, Elizabeth Himwich, Dominic O. Chang, Angelo Ricarte, Jason Dexter, Charles F. Gammie, Andrew A. Chael, …

The Astrophysical journal, Vol.912(1)

2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abf117

Abstract

Black holes

Astrophysics

Synchrotron radiation from hot gas near a black hole results in a polarized image. The image polarization is determined by effects including the orientation of the magnetic field in the emitting region, relativistic motion of the gas, strong gravitational lensing by the black hole, and parallel transport in the curved spacetime. We explore these effects using a simple model of an axisymmetric, equatorial accretion disk around a Schwarzschild black hole. By using an approximate expression for the null geodesics derived by Beloborodov and conservation of the Walker-Penrose constant, we provide analytic estimates for the image polarization. We test this model using currently favored general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of M87*, using ring parameters given by the simulations. For a subset of these with modest Faraday effects, we show that the ring model broadly reproduces the polarimetric image morphology. Our model also predicts the polarization evolution for compact flaring regions, such as those observed from Sgr A* with GRAVITY. With suitably chosen parameters, our simple model can reproduce the EVPA pattern and relative polarized intensity in Event Horizon Telescope images of M87*. Under the physically motivated assumption that the magnetic field trails the fluid velocity, this comparison is consistent with the clockwise rotation inferred from total intensity images.

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Title: The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole
Creators: Ramesh Narayan - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Daniel C. M. Palumbo - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Michael D. Johnson - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Zachary Gelles - Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Elizabeth Himwich - Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Dominic O. Chang - Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Angelo Ricarte - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Jason Dexter - Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie - University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Andrew A. Chael - Princeton University
Kazunori Akiyama - Harvard University
Antxon Alberdi - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Walter Alef - Max
Juan Carlos Algaba - Academia Sinica
Richard Anantua - The University of Texas at San Antonio
Keiichi Asada - Theodore Roosevelt High School
Rebecca Azulay - Universitat de València
Anne-Kathrin Baczko - Max Planck Society
David Ball - University of Arizona
John Barrett - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bradford A. Benson - University of Chicago
Dan Bintley - East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn - Harvard University
Raymond Blundell - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Wilfred Boland - Box
Katherine L. Bouman - Harvard University
Geoffrey C. Bower - Academia Sinica
Hope Boyce - McGill University
Michael Bremer - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Christiaan D. Brinkerink - Radboud University Nijmegen
Roger Brissenden - Harvard University
Silke Britzen - Max
Avery E. Broderick - University of Waterloo
Dominique Broguiere - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Thomas Bronzwaer - Radboud University Nijmegen
Do-Young Byun - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
John E. Carlstrom - University of Chicago
Chi-kwan Chan - Max Planck Society
Shami Chatterjee - Cornell University
Koushik Chatterjee - Florence
Ming-Tang Chen - Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Paul M. Chesler - Harvard University
Ilje Cho - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Pierre Christian - Fairfield University
John E. Conway - Chalmers University of Technology
James M. Cordes - Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford - University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio - Max
Yuzhu Cui - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Jordy Davelaar - Radboud University Nijmegen
Mariafelicia De Laurentis - Goethe University Frankfurt
Roger Deane - University of Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey - East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes - Max Planck Society
Sheperd S. Doeleman - Harvard University
Ralph P. Eatough - Max Planck Society
Heino Falcke - Radboud University Nijmegen
Joseph Farah - Harvard University
Vincent L. Fish - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ed Fomalont - National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford - University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas - Radboud University Nijmegen
Per Friberg - East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm - Goethe University Frankfurt
Antonio Fuentes - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Peter Galison - Harvard University
Roberto Garcia - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Olivier Gentaz - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Boris Georgiev - University of Waterloo
Ciriaco Goddi - Radboud University Nijmegen
Roman Gold - Goethe University Frankfurt
Jose L. Gomez - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Arturo Gomez-Ruiz - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla Pue 72000, Mexico
Minfeng Gu - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Mark Gurwell - Harvard University
Kazuhiro Hada - Graduate University For Advanced Studies
Daryl Haggard - McGill University
Michael H. Hecht - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ronald Hesper - University of Groningen
Luis C. Ho - Peking University
Paul Ho - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Mareki Honma - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Chih-Wei L. Huang - Theodore Roosevelt High School
Lei Huang - Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Shiro Ikeda - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Makoto Inoue - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun - Radboud University Nijmegen
David J. James - Harvard University
Buell T. Jannuzi - University of Arizona
Michael Janssen - Radboud University Nijmegen
Britton Jeter - University of Waterloo
Wu Jiang - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales - Max Planck Society
Svetlana Jorstad - Boston University
Taehyun Jung - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami - Instituto de Física Teórica
Ramesh Karuppusamy - Max Planck Society
Tomohisa Kawashima - National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Garrett K. Keating - Harvard University
Mark Kettenis - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Dong-Jin Kim - Max
Jae-Young Kim - Max Planck Society
Jongsoo Kim - Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea
Junhan Kim - Univ Arizona, Steward Observ & Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
Motoki Kino - Kogakuin University
Jun Yi Koay - Academia Sinica
Yutaro Kofuji - The University of Tokyo
Patrick M. Koch - Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama - Academia Sinica
Michael Kramer - Max Planck Society
Carsten Kramer - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Thomas P. Krichbaum - Max
Cheng-Yu Kuo - National Sun Yat-sen University
Tod R. Lauer - National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Sang-Sung Lee - Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea
Aviad Levis - California Institute of Technology
Yan-Rong Li - Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, 19B Yuquan Rd, Beijing, Peoples R China
Zhiyuan Li - Nanjing University
Michael Lindqvist - Chalmers University of Technology
Rocco Lico - Max Planck Society
Greg Lindahl - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Jun Liu - Max
Kuo Liu - Max
Elisabetta Liuzzo - Alma
Wen-Ping Lo - Academia Sinica
Andrei P. Lobanov - Max
Laurent Loinard - Max Planck Society
Colin Lonsdale - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ru-Sen Lu - Max Planck Society
Nicholas R. MacDonald - Max
Jirong Mao - Chinese Acad Sci, Yunnan Observ, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, Peoples R China
Nicola Marchili - Alma
Sera Markoff - University of Amsterdam
Daniel P. Marrone - University of Arizona
Alan P. Marscher - Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal - Beltran
Satoki Matsushita - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lia Medeiros - University of Arizona
Karl M. Menten - Max
Izumi Mizuno - East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno - Goethe University Frankfurt
James M. Moran - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Kotaro Moriyama - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Monika Moscibrodzka - Box
Cornelia Muller - Max
Gibwa Musoke - University of Amsterdam
Alejandro Mus Mejias - Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
Hiroshi Nagai - Graduate University For Advanced Studies
Neil M. Nagar - Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
Masanori Nakamura - Academia Sinica
Gopal Narayanan - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Iniyan Natarajan - Rhodes University
Antonios Nathanail - Max
Joey Neilsen - Villanova University
Roberto Neri - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Chunchong Ni - University of Waterloo
Aristeidis Noutsos - Max
Michael A. Nowak - Washington Univ, Phys Dept, CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130 USA
Hiroki Okino - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Hector Olivares - Max
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon - Max
Tomoaki Oyama - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Ozel - University of Arizona
Jongho Park - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Nimesh Patel - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ue-Li Pen - Perimeter Institute
Dominic W. Pesce - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Vincent Pietu - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Richard Plambeck - Max Planck Society
Aleksandar PopStefanija - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Oliver Porth - Goethe University Frankfurt
Felix M. Potzl - Max
Ben Prather - Washington Univ, Phys Dept, CB 1105, St Louis, MO 63130 USA
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez - Perimeter Institute
Dimitrios Psaltis - University of Arizona
Hung-Yi Pu - Instituto de Física Teórica
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan - Univ Concepcion, Astron Dept, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile
Ramprasad Rao - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Mark G. Rawlings - East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Luciano Rezzolla - Goethe University Frankfurt
Bart Ripperda - Princeton University
Freek Roelofs - Box
Alan Rogers - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Eduardo Ros - Max Planck Society
Mel Rose - University of Arizona
Arash Roshanineshat - University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann - Max
Alan L. Roy - Max Planck Society
Chet Ruszczyk - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kazi L. J. Rygl - Alma
Salvador Sanchez - Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
David Sanchez-Arguelles - The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
Mahito Sasada - Hiroshima University
Tuomas Savolainen - Aalto University
F. Peter Schloerb - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Karl-Friedrich Schuster - Inst Radioastron Millim Etr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin Dheres, France
Lijing Shao - Max Planck Society
Zhiqiang Shen - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China
Des Small - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Bong Won Sohn - Yonsei University
Jason SooHoo - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
He Sun - California Institute of Technology
Fumie Tazaki - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko - East Asian Observatory
Paul Tiede - University of Waterloo
Remo P. J. Tilanus - Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
Michael Titus - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kenji Toma - Tohoku University
Pablo Torne - Max Planck Society
Tyler Trent - University of Arizona
Efthalia Traianou - Max
Sascha Trippe - Seoul National University
Ilse van Bemmel - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Huib Jan van Langevelde - Leiden University
Daniel R. van Rossum - Box
Jan Wagner - Max
Derek Ward-Thompson - Univ Cent Lancashire, Jeremiah Horrocks Inst, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England
John Wardle - Brandeis University, Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Jonathan Weintroub - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Norbert Wex - Max
Robert Wharton - Max
Maciek Wielgus - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
George N. Wong - Princeton University
Qingwen Wu - Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Doosoo Yoon - University of Amsterdam
Andre Young - Box
Ken Young - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ziri Younsi - Goethe University Frankfurt
Feng Yuan - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Ye-Fei Yuan - Univ Sci & Technol China, Astron Dept, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
J. Anton Zensus - Max
Guang-Yao Zhao - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Shan-Shan Zhao - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China
Horizon Telescope Collaboration
Publication Details: The Astrophysical journal, Vol.912(1)
Publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd
Number of pages: 26
Grant note: P18-FR-1769 / Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia; Junta de Andalucia APOSTD/2018/177; CIDEGENT/2018/021 / Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant U0004-246083; U0004-259839; F0003-272050; M0037279006; F0003-281692; 104497; 275201; 263356 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) OISE1743747; AST-1816420; AST-1716536; AST-1440254; AST-1935980 / National Science Foundation; National Science Foundation (NSF) Compute Ontario State of Arizona 18KK0090; JP18K13594; JP18K03656; JP18H03721; 18K03709; 18H01245; 25120007 / MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) 11573051; 11633006; 11650110427; 10625314; 11721303; 11725312; 11933007; 11991052; 11991053 / the Natural Science Foundation of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) 2019R1F1A1059721 / National Research Foundation of Korea (Basic Research Support Grant) AST-0096454; AST-0352953; AST-0521233; AST-0705062; AST-0905844; AST-0922984; AST-1126433; AST-1140030; DGE-1144085; AST-1207704; AST-1207730; AST-1207752; MRI-1228509; OPP-1248097; AST-1310896; AST-1555365; AST-1615796; AST-1715061; AST-1716327; AST-1903847; AST-2034306 / National Science Foundation (NSF); National Research Foundation of Korea Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) ACI-1548562; DBI-0735191; DBI-1265383; DBI-1743442; PLR-1248097 / NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) NRF-2015H1A2A1033752; 2015R1D1A1A01056807 / National Research Foundation of Korea (Global PhD Fellowship Grant) Joint Princeton/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship ALMA North America Development Fund NAS5-26555 / NASA; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3; 106-2112-M-001-011; 106-2119-M-001-027; 107-2119-M-001017; 107-2119-M-001-020; 107-2119-M-110-005; 108-2112-M001-048; 109-2124-M-001-005 / Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan HST-HF2-51431.001-A / NASA Hubble Fellowship - Space Telescope Science Institute DD7-18089X; TM6-17006X / Chandra 60477 / black hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057; QYZDJSSW-SYS008; ZDBS-LYSLH011 / Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 201700648 / Swedish Research Council; European Commission CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 2016YFA0400704; 2016YFA0400702 / National Key Research and Development Program of China PID2019-108995GB-C22 / MICINN Research Project NCN19_058 / Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile Smithsonian Institution NNX17AL82G; 80NSSC20K1567; 80NSSC20K0527; 80NSSC20K0645 / National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) PGC2018-098915-B-C21; AYA2016-80889-P; PID2019-108995GB-C21 / Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Spanish Government GBMF-5278; GBMF-3561; GBMF 947 / Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 730562 / European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program IN112417; IN112820 / Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Simons Foundation 2019AEP112 / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas NRF-2015H1D3A1066561 / National Research Foundation of Korea (Korea Research Fellowship Program) CIDEGENT/2018/021 / GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project 3190878 / Fondecyt; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CONICYT FONDECYT IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain) 610058 / European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6 / Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) SPI 78-409 / Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Spinoza Prize; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship Kavli Foundation Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, Discovery Grant); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) PHY-1125897 / NSF Physics Frontier Center grant; National Science Foundation (NSF) 2020M671266 / fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 639.043.513 / Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) SEV-2017-0709 / State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award; Spanish Government Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program) Compute Canada MPG (MaxPlanck-Gesellschaft, Germany) JP17J08829; JP19H01943 / Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 2017YFA0402700 / National Key RAMP;D Program of China Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science; Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (RISTEK) 274477; 284495; 312496; 315721 / Academy of Finland 89233218CNA000001 / US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE)
Identifiers: 9924159786201921
Academic Unit: Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole

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