The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale

Kaushik Satapathy; Dimitrios Psaltis; Feryal Ozel; Lia Medeiros; Sean T. Dougall; Chi-Kwan Chan; Maciek Wielgus; Ben S. Prather; George N. Wong; Charles F. Gammie; Kazunori Akiyama; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Juan Carlos Algaba; Richard Anantua; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Anne-Kathrin Baczko; David Ball; Mislay Balokovic; John Barrett; Bradford A. Benson; Dan Bintley; Lindy Blackburn; Raymond Blundell; Wilfred Boland; Katherine L. Bouman; Geoffrey C. Bower; Hope Boyce; Michael Bremer; Christiaan D. Brinkerink; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Avery E. Broderick; Dominique Broguiere; Thomas Bronzwaer; Sandra Bustamente; Do-Young Byun; John E. Carlstrom; Andrew Chael; Koushik Chatterjee; Shami Chatterjee; Ming-Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; John E. Conway; James M. Cordes; Thomas M. Crawford; Geoffrey B. Crew; Alejandro Cruz-Osorio; Yuzhu Cui; Jordy Davelaar; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Jessica Dempsey; Gregory Desvignes; Jason Dexter; Sheperd S. Doeleman; Ralph P. Eatough; Heino Falcke; Joseph Farah; Vincent L. Fish; Ed Fomalont; H. Alyson Ford; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; Per Friberg; Christian M. Fromm; Antonio Fuentes; Peter Galison; Roberto Garcia; Olivier Gentaz; Boris Georgiev; Ciriaco Goddi; Roman Gold; Arturo Gomez-Ruiz; Jose L. Gomez; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Kazuhiro Hada; Daryl Haggard; Michael H. Hecht; Ronald Hesper; Paul Ho; Mareki Honma; Chih-Wei L. Huang; Lei Huang; David H. Hughes; Shiro Ikeda; Makoto Inoue; Sara Issaoun; David J. James; Buell T. Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales; Michael D. Johnson; Svetlana Jorstad; Taehyun Jung; Mansour Karami; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Tomohisa Kawashima; Garrett K. Keating; Mark Kettenis; Dong-Jin Kim; Jae-Young Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Junhan Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Yutaro Kofuji; Patrick M. Koch; Shoko Koyama; Carsten Kramer; Michael Kramer; Thomas P. Krichbaum; Cheng-Yu Kuo; Tod R. Lauer; Sang-Sung Lee; Aviad Levis; Yan-Rong Li; Zhiyuan Li; Michael Lindqvist; Rocco Lico; Greg Lindahl; Jun Liu; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen-Ping Lo; Andrei P. Lobanov; Laurent Loinard; Colin Lonsdale; Ru-Sen Lu; Nicholas R. MacDonald; Jirong Mao; Nicola Marchili; Sera Markoff; Daniel P. Marrone; Alan P. Marscher; Ivan Marti-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D. Matthews; Karl M. Menten; Izumi Mizuno; Yosuke Mizuno; James M. Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Monika Moscibrodzka; Cornelia Mueller; Alejandro Mus Mejias; Gibwa Musoke; Hiroshi Nagai; Neil M. Nagar; Masanori Nakamura; Ramesh Narayan; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Antonios Nathanail; Joey Neilsen; Roberto Neri; Chunchong Ni; Aristeidis Noutsos; Michael A. Nowak; Hiroki Okino; Hector Olivares; Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon; Tomoaki Oyama; Daniel C. M. Palumbo; Jongho Park; Nimesh Patel; Ue-Li Pen; Dominic W. Pesce; Vincent Pietu; Richard Plambeck; Aleksandar PopStefanija; Oliver Porth; Felix M. Potzl; Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez; Hung-Yi Pu; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G. Rawlings; Alexander W. Raymond; Luciano Rezzolla; Bart Ripperda; Freek Roelofs; Alan Rogers; Eduardo Ros; Mel Rose; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L. Roy; Chet Ruszczyk; Kazi L. J. Rygl; Salvador Sanchez; David Sanchez-Arguelles; Mahito Sasada; Tuomas Savolainen; F. Peter Schloerb; Karl-Friedrich Schuster; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Des Small; Bong Won Sohn; Jason SooHoo; He Sun; Fumie Tazaki; Alexandra J. Tetarenko; Paul Tiede; Remo P. J. Tilanus; Michael Titus; Kenji Toma; Pablo Torne; Efthalia Traianou; Tyler Trent; Sascha Trippe; Ilse van Bemmel; Huib Jan van Langevelde; Daniel R. van Rossum; Jan Wagner; Derek Ward-Thompson; John Wardle; Jonathan Weintroub; Norbert Wex; Robert Wharton; Kaj Wiik; Qingwen Wu; Doosoo Yoon; Andre Young; Ken Young; Ziri Younsi; Feng Yuan; Ye-Fei Yuan; J. Anton Zensus; Guang-Yao Zhao; Shan-Shan Zhao; Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac332e

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The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale

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The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale

Kaushik Satapathy, Dimitrios Psaltis, Feryal Ozel, Lia Medeiros, Sean T. Dougall, Chi-Kwan Chan, Maciek Wielgus, Ben S. Prather, George N. Wong, Charles F. Gammie, …

The Astrophysical journal, Vol.925(1), p.13

01/01/2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac332e

Abstract

Black holes

Astrophysics

The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5-61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of similar to 3 degrees-5 degrees. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (similar to 90 degrees-180 degrees) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u-v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas.

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Title: The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale
Creators: Kaushik Satapathy - University of Arizona
Dimitrios Psaltis - University of Arizona
Feryal Ozel - University of Arizona
Lia Medeiros - University of Arizona
Sean T. Dougall - Univ Arizona, Astron Dept, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
Chi-Kwan Chan - Max Planck Society
Maciek Wielgus - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ben S. Prather - Univ Illinois, Illinois Ctr Adv Studies Universe, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
George N. Wong - Princeton University
Charles F. Gammie - University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Kazunori Akiyama - Harvard University
Antxon Alberdi - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Walter Alef - Max
Juan Carlos Algaba - Academia Sinica
Richard Anantua - The University of Texas at San Antonio
Keiichi Asada - Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
Rebecca Azulay - Universitat de València
Anne-Kathrin Baczko - Max Planck Society
David Ball - University of Arizona
Mislay Balokovic - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
John Barrett - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bradford A. Benson - University of Chicago
Dan Bintley - East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn - Harvard University
Raymond Blundell - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Wilfred Boland - Box
Katherine L. Bouman - California Institute of Technology
Geoffrey C. Bower - Academia Sinica
Hope Boyce - McGill University
Michael Bremer - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Christiaan D. Brinkerink - Radboud University Nijmegen
Roger Brissenden - Harvard University
Silke Britzen - Max Planck Society
Avery E. Broderick - University of Waterloo
Dominique Broguiere - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Thomas Bronzwaer - Radboud University Nijmegen
Sandra Bustamente - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Do-Young Byun - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
John E. Carlstrom - University of Chicago
Andrew Chael - Princeton University
Koushik Chatterjee - Florence
Shami Chatterjee - Cornell University
Ming-Tang Chen - Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Ilje Cho - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Pierre Christian - Fairfield University
John E. Conway - Chalmers University of Technology
James M. Cordes - Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford - University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio - Max
Yuzhu Cui - National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Jordy Davelaar - Radboud University Nijmegen
Mariafelicia De Laurentis - Goethe University Frankfurt
Roger Deane - University of Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey - East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes - Max Planck Society
Jason Dexter - Harvard University
Sheperd S. Doeleman - Harvard University
Ralph P. Eatough - Max Planck Society
Heino Falcke - Radboud University Nijmegen
Joseph Farah - Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Vincent L. Fish - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ed Fomalont - National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford - University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas - Radboud University Nijmegen
Per Friberg - East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm - Goethe University Frankfurt
Antonio Fuentes - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Peter Galison - Harvard University
Roberto Garcia - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Olivier Gentaz - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Boris Georgiev - University of Waterloo
Ciriaco Goddi - Leiden University
Roman Gold - Goethe University Frankfurt
Arturo Gomez-Ruiz - Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Electr, Apartado Postal 51 & 216, Puebla 72000, Pue, Mexico
Jose L. Gomez - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Minfeng Gu - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Mark Gurwell - Harvard University
Kazuhiro Hada - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daryl Haggard - McGill Univ, Dept Phys, 3600 Rue Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada
Michael H. Hecht - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ronald Hesper - University of Groningen
Paul Ho - Beijing University of Technology
Mareki Honma - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Chih-Wei L. Huang - Theodore Roosevelt High School
Lei Huang - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
David H. Hughes - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Shiro Ikeda - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Makoto Inoue - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun - Radboud University Nijmegen
David J. James - Harvard University
Buell T. Jannuzi - University of Arizona
Michael Janssen - Radboud University Nijmegen
Britton Jeter - University of Waterloo
Wu Jiang - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales - Max Planck Society
Michael D. Johnson - Harvard University
Svetlana Jorstad - Boston University
Taehyun Jung - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami - Instituto de Física Teórica
Ramesh Karuppusamy - Max
Tomohisa Kawashima - National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Garrett K. Keating - Harvard University
Mark Kettenis - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Dong-Jin Kim - Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
Jae-Young Kim - Max Planck Society
Jongsoo Kim - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim - Max Planck Society
Motoki Kino - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Jun Yi Koay - Academia Sinica
Yutaro Kofuji - The University of Tokyo
Patrick M. Koch - Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama - Academia Sinica
Carsten Kramer - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Michael Kramer - Max Planck Society
Thomas P. Krichbaum - Max Planck Society
Cheng-Yu Kuo - National Sun Yat-sen University
Tod R. Lauer - National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Sang-Sung Lee - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Aviad Levis - CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Yan-Rong Li - Chinese Acad Sci, Inst High Energy Phys, Key Lab Particle Astrophys, 19B Yuquan Rd, Beijing, Peoples R China
Zhiyuan Li - Nanjing University
Michael Lindqvist - Chalmers University of Technology
Rocco Lico - Max Planck Society
Greg Lindahl - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Jun Liu - Max
Kuo Liu - Max Planck Society
Elisabetta Liuzzo - Alma
Wen-Ping Lo - Academia Sinica
Andrei P. Lobanov - Max
Laurent Loinard - Max Planck Society
Colin Lonsdale - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ru-Sen Lu - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Nicholas R. MacDonald - Max
Jirong Mao - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China
Nicola Marchili - Alma
Sera Markoff - University of Amsterdam
Daniel P. Marrone - University of Arizona
Alan P. Marscher - Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal - Beltran
Satoki Matsushita - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Karl M. Menten - Max
Izumi Mizuno - East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno - Goethe University Frankfurt
James M. Moran - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Kotaro Moriyama - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Monika Moscibrodzka - Box
Cornelia Mueller - Box
Alejandro Mus Mejias - Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
Gibwa Musoke - University of Amsterdam
Hiroshi Nagai - Graduate University For Advanced Studies
Neil M. Nagar - Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
Masanori Nakamura - Academia Sinica
Ramesh Narayan - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Gopal Narayanan - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Iniyan Natarajan - Rhodes University
Antonios Nathanail - Max
Joey Neilsen - Hachinohe Coll, Natl Inst Technol, 16-1 Uwanotai, Hachinohe, Aomori 0391192, Japan
Roberto Neri - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Chunchong Ni - University of Waterloo
Aristeidis Noutsos - Max
Michael A. Nowak - South African Radio Astron Observ, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa
Hiroki Okino - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Hector Olivares - Max
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon - Max
Tomoaki Oyama - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daniel C. M. Palumbo - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Jongho Park - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Nimesh Patel - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ue-Li Pen - Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
Dominic W. Pesce - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Vincent Pietu - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Richard Plambeck - Max Planck Society
Aleksandar PopStefanija - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Oliver Porth - Goethe University Frankfurt
Felix M. Potzl - Max
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez - Instituto de Física Teórica
Hung-Yi Pu - Instituto de Física Teórica
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan - Univ Amsterdam, Gravitat Astroparticle Phys Amsterdam GRAPPA Inst, Sci Pk 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
Ramprasad Rao - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Mark G. Rawlings - East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond - Harvard University
Luciano Rezzolla - Goethe University Frankfurt
Bart Ripperda - Princeton University
Freek Roelofs - Box
Alan Rogers - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Eduardo Ros - Max Planck Society
Mel Rose - University of Arizona
Arash Roshanineshat - University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann - Max
Alan L. Roy - Max Planck Society
Chet Ruszczyk - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kazi L. J. Rygl - Alma
Salvador Sanchez - Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
David Sanchez-Arguelles - The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
Mahito Sasada - Hiroshima University
Tuomas Savolainen - Aalto University
F. Peter Schloerb - Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Karl-Friedrich Schuster - Inst Radioastron Millimetr, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
Lijing Shao - Max Planck Society
Zhiqiang Shen - Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China
Des Small - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Bong Won Sohn - Yonsei University
Jason SooHoo - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
He Sun - CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Fumie Tazaki - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko - East Asian Observatory
Paul Tiede - University of Waterloo
Remo P. J. Tilanus - Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
Michael Titus - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kenji Toma - Tohoku University
Pablo Torne - Max Planck Society
Efthalia Traianou - Max
Tyler Trent - University of Arizona
Sascha Trippe - Seoul National University
Ilse van Bemmel - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Huib Jan van Langevelde - Leiden University
Daniel R. van Rossum - Box
Jan Wagner - Max
Derek Ward-Thompson - Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Seoul 08826, South Korea
John Wardle - Brandeis University, Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Jonathan Weintroub - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Norbert Wex - Max Planck Society
Robert Wharton - Max Planck Society
Kaj Wiik - University of Turku
Qingwen Wu - Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Doosoo Yoon - University of Amsterdam
Andre Young - Box
Ken Young - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ziri Younsi - Goethe University Frankfurt
Feng Yuan - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Ye-Fei Yuan - Univ Coll London, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England
J. Anton Zensus - Max
Guang-Yao Zhao - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Shan-Shan Zhao - Nanjing University
Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
Publication Details: The Astrophysical journal, Vol.925(1), p.13
Publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd
Number of pages: 19
Grant note: 2017YFA0402700 / National Key R&D Program of China P18-FR-1769 / Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia; Junta de Andalucia AST-1903847; AST-1207730; AST-1207752; MRI-1228509; OPP-1248097; AST-1310896; AST-1555365; AST-1615796; AST-1715061; AST-1716327; AST-2034306 / the National Science Foundation (NSF); National Science Foundation (NSF) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) 60477 / John Templeton Foundation Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute State of Arizona 18KK0090; JP18K13594; JP18K03656; JP18H03721; 18K03709; 18H01245; 25120007 / MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) SPI 78-409 / Spinoza Prize Allegro AST-0096454; AST-0352953; AST-0521233; AST-0705062; AST-0905844; AST-0922984; AST-1126433; AST-1140030; DGE-1144085; AST-1207704 / National Science Foundation (NSF); National Research Foundation of Korea Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) 80NSSC20K1567; 80NSSC20K0527; 80NSSC20K0645 / National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NRF-2015H1A2A1033752; 2015-R1D1A1A01056807; NRF-2015H1D3A1066561; 2019R1F1A1059721 / National Research Foundation of Korea International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn APOSTD/2018/177 / Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant black hole Initiative at Harvard University Joint Princeton/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship ALMA North America Development Fund U0004-246083; U0004-259839; F0003-272050; M0037-279006; F0003-281692; 104497; 275201; 263356 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences IN112417; IN112820 / Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); Max Planck Society GBMF-3561; GBMF 947 / Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowship National Institute of Natural Sciences of Japan National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China astronomy institute of the University of Amsterdam, Radboud University Max-Planck Partner Group of the MPG 1743747 / NSF PIRE award; National Science Foundation (NSF); NSF - Office of the Director (OD) CIDEGENT/2018/021 / GenT Program NL astronomy research network NOVA 2017-00648 / Swedish Research Council; European Commission CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 2016YFA0400704; 2016YFA0400702 / National Key Research and Development Program of China AST-1903847 / NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship; National Science Foundation (NSF) PID2019-108995GB-C22 / MICINN Research Project Smithsonian Institution PGC2018-098915-B-C21; AYA2016-80889-P; PID2019-108995GB-C21 / Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Spanish Government Toray Science Foundation; Toray Industries, Inc. New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry - the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 639.043.513 / Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research VICI award; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) 730562 / European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program astronomy institute of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University Simons Foundation Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation NCN19058 / Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Chile 2019AEP112 / Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas China Scholarship Council International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne CyVerse CIDEGENT/2018/021 / GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project 3190878 / Fondecyt; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CONICYT FONDECYT European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation, and Science; Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (RISTEK) IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain) 610058 / European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6 / Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship Kavli Foundation Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) 1228509; DBI-0735191; DBI-1265383; DBI-1743442; ACI-1548562; PLR-1248097 / NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) Academia Sinica; Academia Sinica - Taiwan Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) MPG (Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Germany) PHY-1125897 / NSF Physics Frontier Center grant; National Science Foundation (NSF) 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3; 106-2112-M-001-011; 106-2119-M-001-027; 107-2119-M-001-017; 1072119-M-001-020; 107-2119-M-110-005; 108-2112-M-001048; 109-2124-M-001-005 / Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan 11573051; 11633006; 11650110427; 10625314; 11721303; 11725312; 11933007; 11991052; 11991053 / Natural Science Foundation of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives Funds SEV-2017-0709 / State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award; Spanish Government Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development 2020M671266 / China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University - John Templeton Foundation 274477; 284495; 312496; 315721 / Academy of Finland 80NSSC20K0521 / NASA ATP award JP17J08829 / Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057; QYZDJSSW-SYS008; ZDBS-LY-SLH011 / Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 89233218CNA000001 / US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE)
Identifiers: 9924159787001921
Academic Unit: Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale

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