The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87: I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis

Kazunori Akiyama; Antxon Alberdi; Walter Alef; Juan Carlos Algaba; Richard Anantua; Keiichi Asada; Rebecca Azulay; Uwe Bach; Anne-Kathrin Baczko; David Ball; Mislav Baloković; Bidisha Bandyopadhyay; John Barrett; Michi Bauböck; Bradford A. Benson; Dan Bintley; Lindy Blackburn; Raymond Blundell; Katherine L. Bouman; Geoffrey C. Bower; Hope Boyce; Michael Bremer; Roger Brissenden; Silke Britzen; Avery E. Broderick; Dominique Broguiere; Thomas Bronzwaer; Sandra Bustamante; John E. Carlstrom; Andrew Chael; Chi-kwan Chan; Dominic O. Chang; Koushik Chatterjee; Shami Chatterjee; Ming-Tang Chen; Yongjun Chen; Xiaopeng Cheng; Ilje Cho; Pierre Christian; Nicholas S. Conroy; John E. Conway; Thomas M. Crawford; Geoffrey B. Crew; Alejandro Cruz-Osorio; Yuzhu Cui; Rohan Dahale; Jordy Davelaar; Mariafelicia De Laurentis; Roger Deane; Jessica Dempsey; Gregory Desvignes; Jason Dexter; Vedant Dhruv; Indu K. Dihingia; Sheperd S. Doeleman; Sergio A. Dzib; Ralph P. Eatough; Razieh Emami; Heino Falcke; Joseph Farah; Vincent L. Fish; Edward Fomalont; H. Alyson Ford; Marianna Foschi; Raquel Fraga-Encinas; William T. Freeman; Per Friberg; Christian M. Fromm; Antonio Fuentes; Peter Galison; Charles F. Gammie; Roberto García; Olivier Gentaz; Boris Georgiev; Ciriaco Goddi; Roman Gold; Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz; José L. Gómez; Minfeng Gu; Mark Gurwell; Kazuhiro Hada; Daryl Haggard; Ronald Hesper; Dirk Heumann; Luis C. Ho; Paul Ho; Mareki Honma; Chih-Wei L. Huang; Lei Huang; David H. Hughes; Shiro Ikeda; C. M. Violette Impellizzeri; Makoto Inoue; Sara Issaoun; David J. James; Buell T. Jannuzi; Michael Janssen; Britton Jeter; Wu Jiang; Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales; Michael D. Johnson; Svetlana Jorstad; Adam C. Jones; Abhishek V. Joshi; Taehyun Jung; Ramesh Karuppusamy; Tomohisa Kawashima; Garrett K. Keating; Mark Kettenis; Dong-Jin Kim; Jae-Young Kim; Jongsoo Kim; Junhan Kim; Motoki Kino; Jun Yi Koay; Prashant Kocherlakota; Yutaro Kofuji; Patrick M. Koch; Shoko Koyama; Carsten Kramer; Joana A. Kramer; Michael Kramer; Thomas P. Krichbaum; Cheng-Yu Kuo; Noemi La Bella; Sang-Sung Lee; Aviad Levis; Zhiyuan Li; Rocco Lico; Greg Lindahl; Michael Lindqvist; Mikhail Lisakov; Jun Liu; Kuo Liu; Elisabetta Liuzzo; Wen-Ping Lo; Andrei P. Lobanov; Laurent Loinard; Colin J. Lonsdale; Amy E. Lowitz; Ru-Sen Lu; Nicholas R. MacDonald; Jirong Mao; Nicola Marchili; Sera Markoff; Daniel P. Marrone; Alan P. Marscher; Iván Martí-Vidal; Satoki Matsushita; Lynn D. Matthews; Lia Medeiros; Karl M. Menten; Izumi Mizuno; Yosuke Mizuno; Joshua Montgomery; James M. Moran; Kotaro Moriyama; Monika Moscibrodzka; Wanga Mulaudzi; Cornelia Müller; Hendrik Müller; Alejandro Mus; Gibwa Musoke; Ioannis Myserlis; Hiroshi Nagai; Neil M. Nagar; Masanori Nakamura; Gopal Narayanan; Iniyan Natarajan; Antonios Nathanail; Santiago Navarro Fuentes; Joey Neilsen; Chunchong Ni; Michael A. Nowak; Junghwan Oh; Hiroki Okino; Héctor Olivares; Tomoaki Oyama; Feryal Özel; Daniel C. M. Palumbo; Georgios Filippos Paraschos; Jongho Park; Harriet Parsons; Nimesh Patel; Ue-Li Pen; Dominic W. Pesce; Vincent Piétu; Aleksandar PopStefanija; Oliver Porth; Ben Prather; Dimitrios Psaltis; Hung-Yi Pu; Venkatessh Ramakrishnan; Ramprasad Rao; Mark G. Rawlings; Alexander W. Raymond; Luciano Rezzolla; Angelo Ricarte; Bart Ripperda; Freek Roelofs; Cristina Romero-Cañizales; Eduardo Ros; Arash Roshanineshat; Helge Rottmann; Alan L. Roy; Ignacio Ruiz; Chet Ruszczyk; Kazi L. J. Rygl; Salvador Sánchez; David Sánchez-Argüelles; Miguel Sánchez-Portal; Mahito Sasada; Kaushik Satapathy; Tuomas Savolainen; F. Peter Schloerb; Jonathan Schonfeld; Karl-Friedrich Schuster; Lijing Shao; Zhiqiang Shen; Des Small; Bong Won Sohn; Jason SooHoo; León David Sosapanta Salas; Kamal Souccar; Joshua S. Stanway; He Sun; Fumie Tazaki; Alexandra J. Tetarenko; Paul Tiede; Remo P. J. Tilanus; Michael Titus; Kenji Toma; Pablo Torne; Teresa Toscano; Efthalia Traianou; Tyler Trent; Sascha Trippe; Matthew Turk; Ilse van Bemmel; Huib Jan van Langevelde; Daniel R. van Rossum; Jesse Vos; Jan Wagner; Derek Ward-Thompson; John Wardle; Jasmin E. Washington; Jonathan Weintroub; Robert Wharton; Maciek Wielgus; Kaj Wiik; Gunther Witzel; Michael F. Wondrak; George N. Wong; Qingwen Wu; Nitika Yadlapalli; Paul Yamaguchi; Aristomenis Yfantis; Doosoo Yoon; André Young; Ziri Younsi; Wei Yu; Feng Yuan; Ye-Fei Yuan; J. Anton Zensus; Shuo Zhang; Guang-Yao Zhao; Shan-Shan Zhao; Alexander Allardi; Shu-Hao Chang; Chih-Cheng Chang; Song-Chu Chang; Chung-Chen Chen; Ryan Chilson; Aaron Faber; David M. Gale; Chih-Chiang Han; Kuo-Chang Han; Yutaka Hasegawa; José Luis Hernández-Rebollar; Yau-De Huang; Homin Jiang; Hao Jinchi; Kimihiro Kimura; Derek Kubo; Chao-Te Li; Lupin C.-C. Lin; Ching-Tang Liu; Kuan-Yu Liu; Li-Ming Lu; Pierre Martin-Cocher; Zheng Meyer-Zhao; Alfredo Montaña; Anthony Moraghan; Marcos Emir Moreno-Nolasco; Hiroaki Nishioka; Timothy J. Norton; George Nystrom; Hideo Ogawa; Peter Oshiro; Nicolas Pradel; Giacomo Principe; Philippe Raffin; Iván Rodríguez-Montoya; Paul Shaw; William Snow; Tirupati Kumara Sridharan; Ranjani Srinivasan; Ta-Shun Wei; Chen-Yu Yu; The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347932

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The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87: I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis

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The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87: I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis

Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, …

Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin), Vol.681, p.A79

01/2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347932

Abstract

In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of ∼42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of 43.3 −3.1 +1.5 μas. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30° relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass ∼6.5 × 10 9 M ⊙ . The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet.

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Title: The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87
Creators: Kazunori Akiyama - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Antxon Alberdi - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Walter Alef - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Juan Carlos Algaba - University of Malaya
Richard Anantua - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Keiichi Asada - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay - Universitat de València
Uwe Bach - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Anne-Kathrin Baczko - Chalmers University of Technology
David Ball - University of Arizona
Mislav Baloković - Yale University
Bidisha Bandyopadhyay - University of Concepción
John Barrett - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Michi Bauböck - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Bradford A. Benson - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Dan Bintley - East Asian Observatory
Lindy Blackburn - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Raymond Blundell - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Katherine L. Bouman - California Institute of Technology
Geoffrey C. Bower - University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Hope Boyce - McGill University
Michael Bremer - Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Roger Brissenden - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Silke Britzen - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Avery E. Broderick - Perimeter Institute
Dominique Broguiere - Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Thomas Bronzwaer - Radboud University Nijmegen
Sandra Bustamante - University of Massachusetts Amherst
John E. Carlstrom - University of Chicago
Andrew Chael - Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
Chi-kwan Chan - University of Arizona
Dominic O. Chang - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Koushik Chatterjee - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Shami Chatterjee - Cornell University
Ming-Tang Chen
Yongjun Chen - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Xiaopeng Cheng - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ilje Cho - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Pierre Christian - Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
John E. Conway - Chalmers University of Technology
Thomas M. Crawford - University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Yuzhu Cui - Zhejiang Lab
Rohan Dahale - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Jordy Davelaar - Flatiron Health
Mariafelicia De Laurentis - INFN Sezione di Napoli
Roger Deane - University of Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey - East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes - Université Paris Cité
Jason Dexter - Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics
Vedant Dhruv - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Indu K. Dihingia - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Sheperd S. Doeleman - Harvard University
Sergio A. Dzib - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Ralph P. Eatough - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Razieh Emami - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Heino Falcke - Radboud University Nijmegen
Joseph Farah - Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
Vincent L. Fish - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Edward Fomalont
H. Alyson Ford - University of Arizona
Marianna Foschi - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Raquel Fraga-Encinas - Radboud University Nijmegen
William T. Freeman - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Per Friberg - East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm - Goethe University Frankfurt
Antonio Fuentes - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Peter Galison - Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Roberto García - Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Olivier Gentaz - Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Boris Georgiev - University of Waterloo
Ciriaco Goddi - Universidade de São Paulo
Roman Gold - University of Southern Denmark
Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
José L. Gómez - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Minfeng Gu - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Mark Gurwell - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Kazuhiro Hada - The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
Daryl Haggard - McGill University
Ronald Hesper - University of Groningen
Dirk Heumann - University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho - Peking University
Paul Ho
Mareki Honma - The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
Chih-Wei L. Huang - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Lei Huang - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
David H. Hughes - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Shiro Ikeda - Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
Makoto Inoue - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
David J. James - Applied Materials
Buell T. Jannuzi - University of Arizona
Michael Janssen - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Britton Jeter - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Wu Jiang - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales - Radboud University Nijmegen
Michael D. Johnson - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Svetlana Jorstad - Boston University
Adam C. Jones - University of Chicago
Abhishek V. Joshi - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Taehyun Jung - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ramesh Karuppusamy - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Tomohisa Kawashima - The University of Tokyo
Garrett K. Keating - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Mark Kettenis - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Dong-Jin Kim - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Jae-Young Kim - Kyungpook National University
Jongsoo Kim - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim - Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Motoki Kino - Kogakuin University
Jun Yi Koay - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Prashant Kocherlakota - Goethe University Frankfurt
Yutaro Kofuji - The University of Tokyo
Patrick M. Koch - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama - Niigata University
Carsten Kramer - Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Joana A. Kramer - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Michael Kramer - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Thomas P. Krichbaum - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Noemi La Bella - Radboud University Nijmegen
Sang-Sung Lee - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Aviad Levis - California Institute of Technology
Zhiyuan Li - Nanjing University
Rocco Lico - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Greg Lindahl - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Michael Lindqvist - Chalmers University of Technology
Mikhail Lisakov - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Jun Liu - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Kuo Liu - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Elisabetta Liuzzo - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
Wen-Ping Lo - National Taiwan University
Andrei P. Lobanov - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Laurent Loinard - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin J. Lonsdale - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Amy E. Lowitz - University of Arizona
Ru-Sen Lu - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Nicholas R. MacDonald - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Jirong Mao - Yunnan Observatories
Nicola Marchili - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
Sera Markoff - The Netherlands Cancer Institute
Daniel P. Marrone - University of Arizona
Alan P. Marscher - Boston University
Iván Martí-Vidal - Universitat de València
Satoki Matsushita - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lia Medeiros - Princeton University
Karl M. Menten - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Izumi Mizuno - East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Joshua Montgomery - University of Chicago
James M. Moran - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Kotaro Moriyama - Goethe University Frankfurt
Monika Moscibrodzka - Radboud University Nijmegen
Wanga Mulaudzi - The Netherlands Cancer Institute
Cornelia Müller - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Hendrik Müller - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Alejandro Mus - Universitat de València
Gibwa Musoke - The Netherlands Cancer Institute
Ioannis Myserlis - Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
Hiroshi Nagai - The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
Neil M. Nagar - University of Concepción
Masanori Nakamura - Hachinohe National College of Technology
Gopal Narayanan - University of Massachusetts Amherst
Iniyan Natarajan - Woodwell Climate Research Center
Antonios Nathanail - Goethe University Frankfurt
Santiago Navarro Fuentes - Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
Joey Neilsen - Villanova University
Chunchong Ni - University of Waterloo
Michael A. Nowak - Washington University in St. Louis
Junghwan Oh - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Hiroki Okino - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Héctor Olivares - Radboud University Nijmegen
Tomoaki Oyama - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Özel - Georgia Institute of Technology
Daniel C. M. Palumbo - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Georgios Filippos Paraschos - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Jongho Park
Harriet Parsons - East Asian Observatory
Nimesh Patel - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ue-Li Pen - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Dominic W. Pesce - Woodwell Climate Research Center
Vincent Piétu - Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Aleksandar PopStefanija - University of Massachusetts Amherst
Oliver Porth - The Netherlands Cancer Institute
Ben Prather - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Dimitrios Psaltis - Georgia Institute of Technology
Hung-Yi Pu - National Taiwan Normal University
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan - Turku Centre for Computer Science
Ramprasad Rao - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Mark G. Rawlings - East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Luciano Rezzolla - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Angelo Ricarte - Woodwell Climate Research Center
Bart Ripperda - Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
Freek Roelofs - Woodwell Climate Research Center
Cristina Romero-Cañizales - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Eduardo Ros - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Arash Roshanineshat - University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Alan L. Roy - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Ignacio Ruiz - Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
Chet Ruszczyk - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kazi L. J. Rygl - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
Salvador Sánchez - Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
David Sánchez-Argüelles - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Miguel Sánchez-Portal
Mahito Sasada - Hiroshima University
Kaushik Satapathy - University of Arizona
Tuomas Savolainen - Aalto University
F. Peter Schloerb - University of Massachusetts Amherst
Jonathan Schonfeld - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Karl-Friedrich Schuster - Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Lijing Shao - Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences
Zhiqiang Shen - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Des Small - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Bong Won Sohn - Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Jason SooHoo - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
León David Sosapanta Salas
Kamal Souccar - University of Massachusetts Amherst
Joshua S. Stanway - University of Central Lancashire
He Sun - Peking University
Fumie Tazaki - Tokyo Electron
Alexandra J. Tetarenko - University of Lethbridge
Paul Tiede - Woodwell Climate Research Center
Remo P. J. Tilanus - University of Arizona
Michael Titus - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kenji Toma - Tohoku University
Pablo Torne - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Teresa Toscano - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Efthalia Traianou - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Tyler Trent - University of Arizona
Sascha Trippe - Seoul National University
Matthew Turk - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Ilse van Bemmel - Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC
Huib Jan van Langevelde - University of New Mexico
Daniel R. van Rossum - Radboud University Nijmegen
Jesse Vos - Radboud University Nijmegen
Jan Wagner - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Derek Ward-Thompson - University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Jasmin E. Washington - University of Arizona
Jonathan Weintroub - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Robert Wharton - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Maciek Wielgus - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Kaj Wiik - University of Turku
Gunther Witzel - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Michael F. Wondrak - Radboud University Nijmegen
George N. Wong - Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
Qingwen Wu - Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Nitika Yadlapalli - California Institute of Technology
Paul Yamaguchi - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Aristomenis Yfantis - Radboud University Nijmegen
Doosoo Yoon - The Netherlands Cancer Institute
André Young - Radboud University Nijmegen
Ziri Younsi - Goethe University Frankfurt
Wei Yu - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Feng Yuan - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ye-Fei Yuan
J. Anton Zensus
Shuo Zhang - Michigan State University
Guang-Yao Zhao - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Shan-Shan Zhao - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Alexander Allardi - University of Vermont
Shu-Hao Chang - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Chih-Cheng Chang
Song-Chu Chang - National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology
Chung-Chen Chen - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Ryan Chilson
Aaron Faber - Western University
David M. Gale - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Chih-Chiang Han
Kuo-Chang Han - National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology
Yutaka Hasegawa
José Luis Hernández-Rebollar - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Yau-De Huang - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Homin Jiang - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Hao Jinchi - National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology
Kimihiro Kimura - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Derek Kubo
Chao-Te Li - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Lupin C.-C. Lin - National Cheng Kung University
Ching-Tang Liu - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Kuan-Yu Liu - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Li-Ming Lu - National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology
Pierre Martin-Cocher - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Zheng Meyer-Zhao - AstroTec Holding
Alfredo Montaña - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Anthony Moraghan - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Marcos Emir Moreno-Nolasco
Hiroaki Nishioka - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Timothy J. Norton - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
George Nystrom
Hideo Ogawa
Peter Oshiro
Nicolas Pradel - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
Giacomo Principe - University of Trieste
Philippe Raffin
Iván Rodríguez-Montoya
Paul Shaw - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
William Snow
Tirupati Kumara Sridharan - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ranjani Srinivasan - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Ta-Shun Wei
Chen-Yu Yu - Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
Publication Details: Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin), Vol.681, p.A79
Identifiers: 9924325586301921
Academic Unit: Martin A. Fisher School of Physics
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article

The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87: I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis

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