Abstract
Revolutions topple governments and usher in political transformation. They raise people’s hopes while disrupting existing power dynamics and social equilibria. In just over 100 years, the Middle East has witnessed the demise of empires, the establishment of nation-states, and power-vying between competing ideological and political camps. Throughout the region, revolutionaries have ended monarchies and proclaimed republics, ousted tyrants, and replaced them with a wide range of secular and theocratic alternatives.